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Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


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iV 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The 
tol 


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filn 


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be( 
the 
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oth 
firs 
sio 
or  i 


I I    Quality  in6gale  de  I'impression 

□    Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  materiel  suppldmentaire 


Th« 
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Tl^ 
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Ma 
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Ce  document  est  film6  au  taux  de  reduction  fndiqu6  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

> 

22X 

26X 

30X 

/ 

12X                            16X                            20X                             a4X                            28X                            32X 

ails 

du 

idifier 

une 

lage 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

University  of  Toronto  Library 


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conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


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plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autras  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  film^s  en  commengant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  —^-(meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  y  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaftra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — ►  signifie  "A  SUiVRE".  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 


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different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
film6s  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diff6rents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clichd,  il  est  film6  d  partir 
de  Tangle  supdrieur  gauche,  de  gauche  i  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  n6cessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


rrata 
o 


[lelure, 
id 


□ 

32X 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

■^-  '■ 


7^ 


6 


^Scs- 


JAN  4      lil/Y 


VI, 


ArCILKOLOGY    of    TIIK    TllOMl'SON     RlVKR     RkcHON, 

British  Columbia. 


IJy   I  Iakian    I.  S.Mirii. 
I'l.viKs  xxiv-xxvr. 


In  the  followin^r  pathos  are  contained  the  results  of  arclKeoloi^ical  investijj;a- 
tions  carried  on  by  the  writer  for  the  Jesiip  North  Pacific  lixpedition  in  the 
Thompson  River  reLjion,  between  Spences  liridge  and  Kamloops.  The  archiu- 
oh)gy  of  Lytton,  a  town  situated  at  the  conlluence  of  Thompson  and  I'"raser 
Rivers,  has  been  described  in  Part  III  of  this  vokmie.  Further  researches  were 
carried  on  at  Spences  Bridge,  Kamloops,  and  in  Nicola  Valley.'  ' 

Spences  Bridge  is  situated  on  Thompson  River,  twenty-two  miles  above 
Lytton,  and  about  one  mile  below  the  mouth  of  Nicola  River.  At  this  place 
Thompson  River  (lows  through  a  narrow  valley,  about  eight  hundred  feet  above 
sea-level,  between  steep  mountains  cut  out  by  its  tributaries  from  the  lolling 
plateau  which  extends  from  the  Coast  Range  to  the  western  slope  of  the  Gold 
Range.  The  climate  is  dry,  and,  except  where  irrigation  is  resorted  to,  vegetation  is 
scanty  ;  but  open  timber  is  found  in  the  higher  valleys.  Cactus,  sagebrush,  grease- 
wood,  and  bunch-grass  grow  on  the  slopes,  and  cottonwood-trees  border  the  streams. 
Great  numbers  of  salmon  that  ascend  Thompson  River  turn  up  Nicol,-\  River. 

Kamloops  (Plate  XX1\')  is  situated  ninety-five  miles  above  Lytlon,  at  the 
conlluence  of  North  Thompson  and  South  Thompson  Rivers,  in  the  central  part 
of  southern  British  Columbia.  The  river  here  (lows  through  a  comparatively 
wide  bottom-land,  at  an  altitude  of  eleven  hundred  and  sixty  feet.  The  surround- 
ing country  Is  a  rolling  plateau.  'Phe  climate  Is  as  dry  as  at  Lytton  and  Sjiences 
Bridge,  so  that  vegetation  is  equally  scanty  and  similar  in  character.  The  neigh- 
boring mountains  have  less  timber  than  those  near  Lytton  ;  and  the  open  hillsides, 
which  are  covered  with  bunch-grass  and  greasewood,  are  favorable  for  grazing. 
The  Kamloops  Indians  slate  that  formerly  great  herds  of  el'-  inhabited  these  hills, 
and  that  the  neighboring  tribes,  as  well  as  they  themselves,  nunted  them.  Salmon 
were  also  used  for  food,  although  the  number  of  fish  that  reach  this  jKjint  is  not 
as  great  as  the  number  that  ascend  to  Spences  iirldge  or  u[)  Nicola  Rivr. 
Consequently  roots  and  berries,  as  well  as  deer  and  bear,  were  probably  more 
extensively  used  than  at  places  farther  down  the  stream.  Just  below  Kamloops 
the  Thompson  widens  into  Kamloops  Lake,  where  wild  fowl  and  fish  abound  and 
are  easily  accessible.     A  rocky  cliff  on  the  mrth  shore  of   the  lake,  near  the 

'  See  map,  p.  i66,  I'art  IV, 
[401] 


AWJL44WW 


4IJ2 


SMI  I II,  \i<(ii  i()i,(i(;\   OK   I  III;  nioMi'soN  Kivi;i<  i<K(;k)N. 


iniitilli  of  'I'r;iii(|iiilli;   River,    bears   numerous  pictoij^raplis    painted  in  red.      Tliu 
liill  is  loc.diy  known  as  "  Battle  HltiCf." 

A  larj^M;  lnirial-|jlace  and  village-site  on  tlie  Indian  reserve,  on  a  low  sandy 
sinl(i)  iuiinediatcly  norti)  of  Kamloops  hridj^re,  lias  heen  known  for  some  time, 
liul  no  full  ari;(punt  of  it  lias  been  publislu'd.  '{'he  whole  point  bounded  by  North 
Thompson  and  South  Thompson  Rivers,  Pauls  Creek,  and  th(,-  mountains  to  the 
northeast  of  these,  has  for  a  loiii^  time  been  used  by  Imlians  as  a  campin^r-j^round. 
I'lw  modern  Indian  villa.i;c  is  situ.ited  at  the  northwestern  limit  of  this  area,  near 
Xorth  'riiompson  River.  A  sIoul;!)  extends  c'ast  and  west  between  the  present 
village  and  tin;  old  burial-place.  Specimens  collected  on  this  site  are  in  the 
Museum  of  the  Geological  Survey  of  Canada,  in  the  Provincial  Museum  at 
Victoria,  \\.  C,  and  in  pirivate  cabinets. 

I  he  valley  of  Xicola  River  in  its  lower  part  is  deej)  and  narrow,  while  in  its 
upper  part  it  passes  throuj,rh  .ui  open  rollin.s;  country,  similar  in  character  to  the 
plale.ui  north  and  south  of  Kamloops.  A  number  of  small  streams  run  into 
Nicoki  Lake,  which  is  situated  about  thirtj-five  miles  south  of  Kamloops.  The 
lak(;  is  about  two  thousand  feet  above  .sea-level.  From  here  the  river  runs  west 
about  twenty-two  miles,  then  northwest  about  the  same  distance.  There  it  reaches 
Thompson  River  at  an  altitude  of  about  eight  hundred  feet.  The  whole  rivc-r  is 
therefore  rajiid  and  shallow.  !•  ormcrly  bear  and  elk  were  abundant  on  the  plateau. 
Trout  are  |)lentiful  in  Xicola  Lake  and  its  tributaries.  The  Indians  of  this  valley 
have  commercial  intercourse  with  Kamloops  to  the  north,  Lytton  and  Boston  Bar 
to  the  west,  Similkameen  to  the  south,  and  with  the  Okanagon  to  the  east. 

Then;  are  numerous  rock-slides  (I'late  XX\')  along  the  base  of  .some  of  the 
chlfs.  The  e.Namination  of  graves  reported  by  Indians  to  be  in  these  slides  was 
the  mam  object  of  e.xplorations  in  this  valley. 

In  June,  iSy;,  a  series  of  explorations  was  made  in  the  vicinity  of  Spences 
Bridge  and  Kamloops.  In  May,  1898,  and  in  May,  iS.kj,  these  sites  were  revisited. 
I  n  ( )ctol)er,  I S99,  an  exploring  trip  was  made  in  Xicola  V^alley  from  its  mouth  to  the 
luNul  of  Xicola  Lake.  The  following  descriptions  are  based  upon  these  explora- 
tu)ns.  Ihe  accompanying  illustrations  are  from  drawings  by  Mr.  Rudolf  Weber. 
The  botamcal  specimens  have  been  identified  by  Mr.  Willard  X.  Clute  of  Bing- 
hamton,  X.  V.  The  writer  also  wishes  to  acknowledge  his  indebtedness  to  Rev. 
I'ather  J.  M.  Le  Jeune  of  Kamloops,  to  Mr.  James  Teit  of  Spences  Bridge,  and 
to  the  chiefs  of  the  Indian  bands  visited,  all  of  whom  rendered  valuable  assistance 
in  carrying  on  his  field-work. 

At  Spences  iiridge  a  single  grave  was  the  most  interesting  site  explored.  It 
was  located  on  the  edge  of  the  first  terrace  overlooking  Th.Miipson  River  from 
the  north,  on  the  Murray  Ranch,  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  above  the  ferry. 
Ihere  are  numerous  old  graves  near  by,  on  an  islantl  near  the  north  bank  of 
I  homiison  River,  which  the  Indians  did  not  wish  us  to  exi)lore,  while  they  assisted 
m  explormg  the  first  grave,  which  had  been  unknown  to  them.  This  grave  con- 
tained no  evidence  of  contact  with  whites.     On  the  other  hand,  there  is  no  positive 


^^ 


SMIIII,  AKCll.i.OI.OCN'    Ol-    IIIK     TIlOMl'SON    KIVKR    Kl.CloN. 


' 


•t<v> 


♦s- 


evidence  pointing  to  u;n;it  anti(iiiity.  I'abrics  that  uvrc  Iniriril  with  tli.'  l...(l\ .  aii.l 
wooden  poles  in  the  surroundiiij^  soil,  were  still  in  a  fair  state  of  presets ation.  A 
detailed  description  of  this  <rrave  will  lie  found  on  p.  43.1. 

Sino;le  j,'raves  and  little  hnrial-i^rounds  of  trreater  or  less  anti(|iiit\-  are  fonnd 
at  fre<pient  intervals,  oftiMi  !(;ss  than  a  mile  apart.  Several  sin-le  .!.;raves  are  on 
the  hillsiile  above  the  hiirial  mentioned  before.  A  sm.dl  cemeti-ry  is  situated  on 
the  south  side  of  the  river,  not  far  below  the  mouth  of  Nicola  River;  a  second 
one  is  just  below  the  settlemiml  on  the  south  side  of  the  river  ;  ;i  third  one  is  on 
the  opposite;  side  ;  and  a  fourth  one  is  about  half  a  mile  farther  ilown,  also  on  the 
north  side  of  the  valley.  One  burial-<;r()und  below  the  Indian  village  was  cover.d 
by  a  },rravel-slide  which  was  caused  by  the  encroachment  of  the  rivcrr  upon  the 
deep  i,n-avel-beds  which  lill  the  valley. 

About  four  miles  above  .Spences  i{rid<;e.  on  the  north  side  of  the  valle)-,  are- 
several  pits  surroimded  by  embankments,  which  mark  the  sites  of  ancient  uniler- 
jjfround  houses.  Excavations  in  these  pits  resulted  in  tindini,^  broken  bones  of 
deer,  liear,  salmon,  etc.,  charcoal,  burned  and  crackle<I  stones,  and  other  evi 
tlences  of  occupancy.  Similar  pits  are  located  on  the  same  side  of  the  valley  just 
above  the  settlement,  and  on  the  south  side  near  the  mouth  of  Nicola  River. 
iU:tween  this  place  and  th("  railroad-station  at  Spences  Hridj^rc  the  river  has  cut 
into  the  bank,  and  cxposetl  several  old  burials.  Here  are  also  remains  of  under- 
i;round  houses.  More  of  them  may  be  seen  near  the  Indian  villa,L,re  just  below 
the  railroad-station,  and  a  large  number  are  located  on  the  low  ti.rrace  close  to 
the  south  bank  of  the  river,  about  a  mile  down  the  valley.  ICxcavations  in  thes(; 
show  that  the  fireplace  was  near  the  centre  of  the  house.  Nnm(;rous  broke;; 
bones  of  food-animals  were  found  with  ashes  and  charcoal.  Several  skin-scrapers 
made  of  stone  were  found  on  the  surface  of  the  circular  embankments  (see  l''ii,r. 
355).  Small  pits  of  similar  ap])earance,  but  d(;eper  in  projiortion  to  their  diam- 
eter, are  found  near  these  house-sites,  and  arc  supposed  to  be  remains  of  caches 
or  cellars.  Chip|)ed  points  of  glassy  JKisalt  for  arrows,  spears,  etc.,  chii)ped  skin- 
scrapers  made  of  stone,  stone  hammers  or  pestles,  and  bowlders  bearing  paintin<rs 
in  red,'  are  frequently  found  on  the  surface  near  Spences  Bridge. 

At  Kamloops  attention  was  directed  particularly  to  the  large  burial-ground 
and  camp-site  already  described.  Except  where  held  in  place  by  an  occasional 
sagebrush,  the  light  yellowish  gray  sand  is  ever  shifting  over  this  site,  so  that  the 
depth  of  the  remains  varies  daily,  and  the  original  order  of  burial  has  been  much 
disturbed.  Burned  and  crackled  bowlders  hold  in  place  conical  piles  of  sand  from 
twenty  to  th.irty  feet  in  diameter.  These  are  evidently  the  |)laces  where  stones 
have  been  heated  to  be  used  in  cooking  roots  or  for  boiling  food  in  baskets. 
Strewn  (ner  the  entire  site  are  found  the  bones  of  food-animals,  stray  bones  from 
graves,  burned  and  crackled  firestones,  and  other  objects,  such  as  dentalium 
shells,  copper  beads,  and  Hat  oblong  beads  made  of  bone.  The  last  name-d  wen- 
usually  found  in  little  patches  near  traces  of  fires,  and  were  fretpieutly  charred. 

'  See  I'art  IV,  I'lale  ,\1\!  ^ 


\—^t 


«np 


.\0.\  SNirill,    \k(Il.l,()l.()(iV    Ol-    IIIK     IIIOMI'.SUN    klVKR    RKdlON. 

Chippnl  poinls  f..r  knives,  arrows,  itc,  wcd^r.s  made  of  antler,  and  stone  pestles 
or  lianmiers,  were  also  discoverc-d. 

At  intervals  alonj;  tiie  river-hank,  from  tli(;  western  limit  of  this  site  to  the; 
Covernment  I ndian  School,  ahoiit  two  miles  to  the  east,  are  remains  of  under- 
.^rrnnnd  houses,  which  arc  most  numerous  near  the  school.  They  vary  horn 
ahout  fifteen  to  thirty  feet  in  diameter,  and  close  to  them  are  traces  of  cache-pits 
five-  or  six  feet  in  diameter.  There  are  also  remains  of  underground  houses  at 
the  south  end  of  the  bridge.  In  one  of  these  a  number  of  willow-trees  six  to 
eij^du  inches  in  diameter  are  _^rowin},^ 

'I'he  "  (iovernmgnt  Site"  is  located  north  of  the  slough,  on  a  (lat  at  the  base 
of  th(;  foot-hills  close  to  the  school.  Here  the  shifting  sand  has  exposed  the 
remains  of  cremated  children,  together  with  dentalium  shells,  flat  oblong  bone 
beads,  and  chipped  cache  forms  of  glassy  biisalt. 

The  "(iovernment  Hill  Site"  is  located  on  the  brow  of  the  foot-hills  leading 
to  the  mountains,  about  a  hundred  feet  above  the  flat  northwest  of  the  school, 
and  northeast  of  the  large  burial-ground.  Here  water  may  have  been  obtained 
from  the  slough  at  the  base  of  the  hills.  At  this  site  also  the  wind  constantly 
shifts  the  ilry  sand,  and  the  surface  is  strewn  with  material  similar  to  that  on  the 
large  burial-ground.  lUirials  found  here  were  not  claimed  by  the  present  Indians 
as  belonging  to  their  ancesiors,  although  an  iron  awl  with  bone  handle  (.se>^  Fig. 
"iS7"')  W''^  found.  Sagebrush  fabrics  and  wood  were  also  found  in  the  graves, 
but  these  would  naturally  last  for  a  long  time  in  the  dry  .sand. 

In  one  of  the  ravmes  cutting  the  foot-hills  were  quantities  of  angular  pieces 
of  rock,  which  seem  to  be  of  the  same  material  as  that  of  which  the  chipped 
implements  found  in  this  region  were  made.  It  was  not  determini'd  whether  an 
outcrop  of  this  rock  was  uncovered  by  erosion  of  the  ravine,  or  whether  these 
angular  pieces  had  been  carried  down  by  water  from  a  point  higher  un  the  hill- 
side. Following  up  the  ravine,  their  occurrence  became  less  frequent,  and  finally 
they  seemed  to  be  entirely  absent.  Workshops  were  not  discovered  in  this 
ravine,  but  at  several  places  on  the  Government  Hill  Site  chips  of  glassy  basalt 
were  found  in  caches  uncovered  by  the  wind,  and  accompanied  in  one  instance 
by  small  pebbles  possibly  used  as  chipping-hammers,  and  fragments  of  bone  that 
may  have  been  used  in  llaking.  Cache  forms  and  finished  implements  were  found 
in  the  vicinity.     On  the  whole,  these  places  seem  to  have  been  small  workshops. 

The  first  whites  to  reach  this  vicinity  were  the  Hudson  Bay  Company's 
agents,  who  built  a  block-house  on  the  point  west  of  the  mouth  of  North  Thomp- 
son River.  Here  were  found  the  graves  of  the  Indians  who  first  met  the  whit(;s. 
The  bodies  were  buried  stretched  out  on  the  back,  with  heads  west,  in  wooden 
coffins  put  together  with  blacksmith-made  iron  nails.  Near  these  graves  were 
traces  of  underground  houses.  The  Indians  raised  no  objections  to  the  explora- 
tion of  these  graves,  although  they  knew  that  they  were  those  of  their  immediate 
ancestors.  They  did  not  know  to  what  people  the  graves  at  the  other  sites  at 
Kamloops  belonged. 


"«iHP 


SMITH,  AKCH  I'.OI.OilV    OK    rili-;     IIIOM  l'S(  )N    KIVI'.R    Kl.dlON. 


I'i5 


Al)mit  two  miles  l)el()w  this  point,  on  the.  nortlu'rn  side;  of  tin-  riviT,  is  a 
wind-swopt  sand-knoll  wIiltc  evidences  of  a  villai^c-site  were  found.  Near  tlie 
mouth  of  Tranquillc  River,  on  the  north  side  of  Kaniloops  i,.ike,  above  the  nd 
painting's  on  Battle  i?luff,  were  evidences  of  still  another  village-site. 

In  Nicola  X'.dley,  at  i.ikia  (p.ti;n,  about  nine  miles  almve  tln'  nioiiili  and  on 
the  cast  side  of  the  river,  were  a  number  of  j^raves  (Plate  XW.  I'ii;.  i  ).  The 
bodies  had  been  placed  upon  the  surface  at  the  foot  of  a  rock-slide  or  l.ihis  slope, 
and  were  coveretl  by  disturbing;  the  slope  sufficiently  to  cause  n>cks  to  slide  down 
over  them.'  These  ^^raves  are  usually  marked  by  a  few  rocks  piled  up  on  them  ; 
but  the  pile  is  so  low,  that  it  is  difficult  to  distinguish  it  from  other  parts  of  the 
talus  slope.  In  some  cases  a  branch  was  inserted  amont,'  the  rocks  over  the  grave, 
and  extended  down  to  the  body.  One  skeleton,  resting  upon  ilie  rock-slide,  was 
in  a  little  tent  of  poles  covered  with  mats  made  of  the  stalks  of  the  common  cat- 
tail (  Ty/>//if  latifolia  L. ).  The  rock-slide  had  been  worked  tlown  around  the  tent 
to  a  height  of  about  two  feet  over  the  skeleton.  Then;  were  no  objects  found  with 
the  body  or  in  the  tent.  Another  grave  was  without  a  tent,  but  contained  a  cell 
and  chipped  basalt  [joints.  The  Indians  knew  of  these  graves,  and  considered 
them  as  belonging  to  the  Thompson  Indians,  although  they  did  not  care  much 
for  them.  Numerous  pits,  the  remains  of  underground  houses  and  food-caches, 
were  located  on  the  Hat  between  this  slide  and  the  river. 

At  a  point  four  miles  farther  up  the  valley,  or  thirteen  miles  from  its  mouth,  is  a 
rocky  bluff  which  the  Indians  call  Ka'iatamus  a  cani;.\,  or  "  the  shooting  rock,"  on 
account  of  the  following  custom  :  The  young  men,  when  passing  along  the  trail 
between  the  river  and  the  rock,  used  to  tr'-  their  ekill  at  lodging  an  arrow  on  its 
top.  At  the  southern  base  of  this  cliff  is  a  talus  slope  in  which  are  a  number  of 
burials  marked  by  posts  and  twigs.  One  of  the  posts  is  carved  at  th(;  top  to  repre- 
sent a  human  face.  These  graves  are  also  known  by  the  I  ndians  to  be  those  of  the 
Thompsons,  but  they  care  very  little  for  them,  because  no  near  relatives  of  the 
people  buried  there  are  living.  There  are  house-pits  about  a  mile  below  this  place-, 
also  about  a  quarter  of  a  mile  above  it,  and  at  various  camping-places  throughout 
the  valley.  They  are  so  numerous  that  notes  of  all  the  sites  wen;  not  taken.  At 
some  of  them  are  cache-pits,  and  also  circular  saucer-shaped  depressions  which  mark 
sites  of  summer  lodges.     The  former  arc  deep,  and  surroimded  by  embankments. 

The  graves  of  two  children  and  one  man,  the  latter  known  to  have  been  buried 
in  the  fifties,  were  explored  on  the  terrace  overlooking  Nicola  River  from  the  south, 
at  the  mouth  of  Nicola  Lake  and  due  south  of  the  bridge.  These  graves  were 
about  eighteen  inches  deep,  and  above  each  of  them  was  a  pile  of  five  or  six 
bowlders.  Red  pictographs  were  reported  by  the  Indians  to  be  on  a  rock>' 
promontory  which  we  saw  near  the  middle  of  the  lake,  on  its  northern  shore. 

At  NxaxtetEx-,  near  Qe'iamix,  on  the  Indian  reserve  at  the  eastern  limit  of 
Nicola  Lake,  south  of  Nicola  River  and  of  the  church  on  the  reserve,  is  an  outcrop 
of   rock  in  the   Meander  Hills.     This  is  about  three   miles  norlji  of  Ouilcjiena 

'  See  Part  IV,  p.  330. 


L 


.(1)6 


SMIIII,    \K(  II  l.ol.oCN     (i|.     Illi;    IIIOMI'SON    KlVl'.k    KKdION. 


(f  hviltca'n.i).  Then;  arc  tIirc(Mnaiii  talus  slopes  l)ctw(!cn  this  knoll  and  the  lake, 
in  ail  of  \vhi{  h  were;  ,i,'ra\i's  marked  liy  sticks  anil  twii^s.  Charlie  I'cilaNitca,  who 
is  al)out  sixty  jcarsof  -.i^v  and  a  hrother  of  the  chief  of  this  reserve,  related  that 
when  he  tirst  saw  the  place;,  it  resembled  a  patch  of  small  dead  trees,  so  niMiie-rous 
W(;re  the  twij;s  marking,'  ^^raves  on  the  slope.  The  rocks  wen-  jiiled  up  over  the 
.graves,  Init  the  piles  were  so  low  that  they  were  dif'cult  to  find,  except  when 
marked  hy  twi;;s  ( I'late  XX\',  I'ijr.  2). 

I  lnlam(|en,  or  Iron-il(N-id,  a  man  ahoiit  seventy  years  of  a^n:,  who  was  horn  at 
tile  lower  end  of  Nicola  I,ak<',  .and  lived  on  this  reserve,  ,t,fave  the  following;  history 
of  these  },'raves.     ()n<'  sprin^^,  when  his  father  was  a  yonnj,'  man,  and  before  he 
himself  was  horn,  about  fifty  Nicola  Athapascans  wen;  living-  in  an  un(ler<,fround 
hous<'  where  the  church  is  now.'     l-'roni  there  on  to  the  Hat  close  to  the  lake, 
between    it  and   the  rock-slides,  a  p.irty  of  about  a  himdred  Thomjjson  Indians 
were  canipiuL;  in  lod,L,res  ainonij  the  bushes  which  skirt  the  shore,  and  ^(ive  the 
pl.ice  its  name.     A  few  of  them  had  come  from  near  Spences  Mridj^^e,  and  many 
from    i.ytton,     to    (ish     in   Nicola   Lake.     In    the   eveninj,^   one  of  the    Nicola 
Athapascans  noticed  some  people  without  horses  walkinjr  alonjr  the  hillsides  on 
tlw  northern  border  of  the  lake.      He  reported  what  he  had  seem,  but  the  people 
thou,i,du  they  were  only  hunti-rs  or  some  persons  out  for  a  stroll.     All  went  well 
until  some  time  after  dark,  when  they  heard  a  cry  like  that  of  an  owl  from  the  hill- 
side; to  the  eastward.     Then  a  coyote-cry  answered,  and  so  on,  alonp  the  hillside 
surroundiuL,^  the  camp  on  the  eastward,  until  the  cries  of  two  owls,  one  fo.x,  two 
coyotes,  and   a  b.dd-hcaded  ea,<,de,  had   been   heard.       The  fires    were  burnin.<r 
brij^htly  in  the  dark  nii;ht,  and  the  people  were  all  eatinjr.     When  they  noticed 
these  cries,  they  t^r(;w  sus|)icious,  especially  when  later  they  heard  the  note  of  a 
robin  nearer  the;  camp  than  that  bird  would  naturally  come.     A  boy  was  .sent 
out  t(>  see  who  utt(;red  the  cry.      He  objected;  but  the  people  made  him  ^o,  never 
thinkinj^  it  mii,du  be  an  enemy's  cry.     Beinj^r  afraid,  the  boy  stuck  a  lit^hted  piece 
of  pitch  wood  in  his  heail-dress.     When  he  had  <,rone  a  little  distance,  a  Shuswap 
warrior,  om;  of  a  party  from  near  Kamloops,  who   had  probably  made  the  noise, 
jumpeo  up  and  struck  him  on  the  head,  killing  him.      Immediately,  while  most  of 
the  peoi)li;  were  still  eatini^,  not  havin-,^  had  time  to  learn  of  this  murder,  the 
war-cries  of  the  entire  attackincr  party  were  heard.     The  enemy  consisted  of  about 
two  hundred  youno  warriors.     They  killed  the  whole  fishing-party  except  a  few 
young  women,  whom  they  made  their  slaves.     Two  Thompsons,  one  man  and  one 
woman,  escaped  by  swimming  across  the  lake.     All  the  people  in  the  underground 
house  were;   killed.      The  narrator  did  not  know  of  any  noted    Indians  being 
present  among  the  victims.     The  Shuswap  left  most  of  the  property  of  the  slain 
be'hind,  in  their  haste;  to  return  before  an  avenging  party  could  be  organized. 

Shortly  after  this,  Nkwala',  a  chief  of  the  Nicola  Athapa.scans,  but  partly  of 
Okanagon  blejod,  arriveel  with  a  party  of  friends  from  his  home  on  the  eastern 
■!^'''':  *.*L  '^!'";'^'''^^_  '"'^'^^"•_  He  was  one  of  the  greatest  chiefs  of  the  whole  region, 

'  Remains  of  un.lergrouiHl  houses  were  found  where  he  saiil,  ami  were  probaWy  known  to  him. 


j 


SMIIII,  Akfll  i:()l.()(i\     ()!■    nil',     IIIOMI'SON    KIVKK    KKCION. 


407 


and  for  him  Nicola  X'allcy  is  named,  lie  was  j^rt-atly  surprised  to  learn  of  the 
massacre,  and  |)ained  to  see  the  dead  that  had  lieen  left  liy  tlie  Sluiswap  warriors. 
.Some  of  the  chililreii  h.id  heen  tied  in  pairs,  and  thrown  oNcr  the  handles  of 
s|)ears  that  had  l)een  stnck  into  tlu'  iioiise-p(iles  ;  ami  a  nund)er  of  liie  older 
persons,  as  well  as  some  of  the  children,  had  l)e<n  disemhowelled.  lie  set  out 
to  bury  these  people  hastily,  which  took  his  party  over  a  day  and  a  half.  No 
avL-nginj;  party  was  sent  i)y  the  Nicola  .Athapascans.  The  'Ihonipsons  sent  out 
a  party,  which  went  to  Kamlooj)s  \ty  way  of  I  )oiij;las  Lake,  and  retnrneil  hy  the 
Thompson  River  trails.  Their  success  is  unknown.  The  old  men  told  the 
narrator  that  all  of  the  do^s  were;  killed  and  buried  with  their  owners,  so  far  as 
these  wt:re  known  ;  but  those  whose'  masters  wen;  not  known  were  killed  and 
buried  separately.  A  larjre  number  of  dentalium  shells  were  buried  with  one 
body.  -Stone  a.\es,  kettles  (one  of  which  was  of  copper),  and  other  thinj^^s,  were 
also  buried  with  their  owners  when  known.  A  doul)led)laded  iron  knife,  probably 
s(;cured  by  trade  from  the  United  States,  was  burit'tl  with  one  body.  The  people 
IkuI  no  <.juns  at  that  time  ;  and  such  horses  as  they  hail,  if  any,  were  taken  posses- 
sion of  by  relatives.  The  Thonijjsons  and  Athapascans,  boin;.;  close  friends,  were 
buried  to<j;ether  indiscriminately.  Iron-Head  had  never  he.ird  that  any  l)urials 
were  made  in  the  rock-slide  before  or  since  this  massacre.  The  chief,  howmer, 
said  that  later  on,  an  Indian  who  had  died  of  sniall-po.\  had  been  buried  there,  it 
beins,^  an  out-of-the-way  place. 

Resources. — The  resources  of  the  prehistoric  people  of  the  Thom])st)n  River 
region,  as  indicated  by  the  results  of  these  e.xplorations,  were  practically  the  same 
as  those  found  at  Lytton.'  Accordini;  to  Dawson,-'  fme-grainetl  augite-porphyrite, 
or  basalt,  is  abundant  in  the  Arrow-stone  Mills  antl  ni-ar  the  lieail  of  Cache  Crcu'k, 
a  tributary  of  Bonaparte  River,  which  empties  into  the  Thompson  from  the  north, 
between  Kamloojjs  and  .Spences  Hridge.  Although  objects  made  of  this  material 
are  found  in  the  Lillooet  Valley,  and  even  in  the  I'"raser  Delta,  yet  it  seems  to 
have  been  more  frecjuently  used  for  chip|)eil  implements  the  neare'r  the  Thompson 
River  region  is  approached.  One  drill-point  made  of  andesitic  lava  was  founti, 
and  also  one  object  made  of  aragonite.  Green  stones  '  are  perhaps  as  numerous 
among  the  bowlders  near  Spences  Hriilge  as  they  are  at  L)tton.  Bowlders  of 
nephrite  (identified  by  Mr.  George  I*".  Kunz)  resembling  the  same  material  from 
Lytton  and  the  Thompson  River  region  were  found  by  the  writer  on  the  beach  .11 
the  mouth  of  Nootsack  River,  in  the  State  of  Washington.  Mat  pebbles  of  the 
same  material,  sharpened  and    pa-rtly  cut    into   strips  to    form  celts,  were  also 

I  Sec  Part  III,  lip.  132,  ff. 

''  Nolcs  nil  llie  Sluiswa|)  IVciplc  of  l!riti!,li  Columliia  (  Transailioiis  cif  Ihe  Koyal  Society  of  t'ana'la,  Sec  ticni  II, 
i*jt,  p.  35)  ;  also  XiiKMican  AnthnipolDjjKt,  N.S.,  Vol.  I,  October,  iScjg,  p.  i(>(i. 

■'  Sec  Part  III,  \>,  132  ;  Notes  on  the  Shuswap  People  of  Iiriti-,h  (,'oUiinbia,  by  (,e<^r{;c  M.  Davvbon  ('I'rans.  Koy. 
Soc.  Canada,  Section  II,  iSgi,  pp.  11,  iS)  ;  Note  on  the  Occurrence  of  Jade  in  Hrilisli  Cohinibia,  and  its  Kniploynient 
by  the  Natives,  by  (Jeorge  M.  Dawson  (Canadian  Uecord  of  Science,  Vol.  II,  No.  b,  .\pril.  18S7,  p.  3(14)  ;  Notes  on 
Specimens  of  Nephrite  from  British  Columbia,  l)y  H.  J.  Harrington  (Trans,  Koy.  Soc.  Canada,  Secticjn  III,  iStjo. 
p.  61)  ;  and  other  papers  referred  to  in  these  puljlications. 


V 


wfmmmtm 


4r..S 


sMiiii,  .\Kcii.i:()i.()(iV  or  nil';   iiio.MrsoN  kivkr  riuhdn. 


fnunil.     It  sccnis  tliat  these  Itowlders  arc  widely  distriluiteil,  and  that  wherever 
they  oiciirrecl  they  were  used  lor  making  imphineiUs. 

I  lere  as  elsewhi  re  toiii^li  nuks,  such  as  diorites,  were  employed  for  hamnurs, 
pestl.'s,  etc.  N'elldw  lulue,  of  a  more  reddish  color  than  that  seen  at  Lytton,' 
was  found  at  Kamloop',  while  wiiite  calcareous  or  infusorial  earths  were  not 
fiiund  in  tliis  rcLiion,  althouj^h  tliere  is  no  proof  that  they  were  not  used,  l-'ra.i;- 
ments  of  rock  bearing'  galena  were  found  at  Kamloops,  as  was  also  an  iron  awl. 

Some  points  ( l-'ii^r.  ;,;,())  suitalile  for  arrows  were  made  of  lione.  iieaver- 
teetli  were  made  into  dic(;.  Boiu.' of  the  wiiale  ( identified  by  I'rof.  11.  !•".  Oshorn) 
w.is  imported  from  tin;  scacoast,  ami  made  into  war-clubs  of  a  form  typical  of 
tiiis  n  ;4ion.  It  is  possihli;  th,.t  it  was  imported  over  the  same  route  as  were  the 
dent.dium  shells,  which  until  recently  came  throui^h  the  Chilcotin  country,  from 
the  re^^ion  north  of  \  uiicouver  Island.  This  is  further  emphasized  by  the  absence 
of  (■l(il>s  of  this  material  alonj^  Lower  I'"ras(;r  River. 

I'ecten  shells  were  found,  but  no  olivella-shell  objects  were  seen  above 
l.ytton.  SIk  lis  of  the  fresh-water  unio  were  found  in  little  patches  about  three 
feet  in  diameter  at  the  four  larj^est  sites  at  Kamloops  in  sufficient  numbers  to 
indicate  that  this  .animal  was  used  for  food. 

I'"raj,niients  of  mattini;  made  of  cat-tail  stalks,  fabrics  of  sagebrush-bark,  fdjre 
of  cedar,  and  charred  bearberries,  were  found  in  the  t^raves,  but  seeds  of  Lytlio- 
.■i/>cr»i!iin  were'  not  seen. 

Ilniiliiii:;  and  l-'ishiiii^ ;  /'>/i;x'iiio  h'oots.  —  The  implements  used  in  procuring 
fooil  in  this  region  were  fully  as  numerous  as  at  l.ytton,  and  of  a  similar  character. 
The  chi|)ped  points  for  arrows,  spears,  knives,  etc.,  were  usually  made  of  glassy 

basalt.  Numerous  caches  containing  chips  and 
blades  of  this  material  were  found.  IMades  of 
the  forms  shown  in  I<"ig.  331  were  abundant. 
The  chips  and  Hakes  which  w'ere  found  in  lots 
of  thirty  to  a  hundred  in  the  caches  are  rather 
large,  curved  to  the  natural  fracture,  and  often 
show  bulbs  of  percussion.  They  are  similar 
to  chi|)s  and  llakes  from  other  regions.  Some 
show  secondary  chipping  along  one  or  more 
f  eilges.  Although  usually  waste  material  from 
the  manufacture  of  chipped  implements,  they 
were   imdoubtedly  sometimes  used,  here  as  elsewhere,  for  cutting. 

I'oints  chi|)ped  from  this  material  are  very  numerous,  and  e.xhibit  a  great 
variety  of  forms,  A  typical  series  is  illustrated  in  iMg.  t,t,2.  One  of  these  points 
(•""'S-  jo-^  d  was  found  crushed  into  pieces  of  wood  resembling  parts  of  a  bow,  so 
that  it  seemed  to  be  hafted  in  the  wood.  The  specimen  shown  in  Fig.  332  /  is 
slightly  polished,  and  its  edges  are  rounded,  probably  by  the  sand  blowinc-  a<i-ainst 
't-      I'.k^  3.5-.  /.y.  shows  typical  points  much  like  the  usual  forms,  save  that  each 


(.taiiii)'  lt:i».ilt.     K-itll)uu|i9.     4  nat.  sl/c. 


See  I'art  III,  p.  133. 


■SMITH,  AKCII.l.Ol.iKiV    or   TIIK    TllOMi'soN    k|\  KR    UI.CIoN. 


I  no 


(.f  thcsi;  IS  s|n'ciali/r.l  by  scrraticins  on  »m'  si,!,.  Ivimal  forms  ma.lr  nf  ,,tlur 
materials  an;  shown  in  Fi^r.  .,,.  Some  of  tlirst:  an-  ma.lr  of  white  .  haiccdony 
(••'K-  .>o3.  "  ami  < ),  anotlu.T  ont:  of  waxy  yc-llow  chalccilony  (hi^.  ^;;.  /'),  and  a 
fourth  oni!  of  chert  ( I'ij,'.  ;,;,;,,  ,/  ». 

I'our  lieatitifully  ihipped  eomplex  forms 
of  i^lassy  basalt  are  siiown  in  I'ij^r.  3;,4,  //  t,,  <■. 
rile  form  sliown   m    I'l-;,,;!"   was  colk-ctcd 


FlK.  13^.     Cliippcii  r.iin 
Kiitiitoops  ;   t-   'gl"') 


r(il.i!,sy   It.iH.iIl.      I  ll.it.  SUIT. 


(,t::..).  ./(,!%.<',  /;,l?,l,  ,f  1,JI,1.  <-(,)!!l„i). /(,»,/■). 
tji^n"".  Spt'iKis  Hritl^c. 


/I.I8..I1.     i:hi|i|«-d 


by  M  r.  Tcit  from  a  cache  of  badly  formed  points 
foimd  near    Spences     liridj^'c.        The    Indians 

maintained  that  it  was  a  piece  of  arrotv-stone   J'"'/'""'"i>:''i'i-'i^''i"J''''V.'inJch\;ri.' k!»^^^^^^ 
shapetl   by  the    Raven    for  no  particular  pur- 
pose, that  the  Raven  shaped  the  arrow-stone  accordin<;  to  iiis  fancy,  Inu  that  most 
of  the   forms  he   made   resemble   arrow-heads.       Possibly   these   may   have   been 
used  for  scarifyin<^-  the  body  or  for  surj,ncal  operations. 

Two  points  rubbed  out  of  slate  have  been  found  in  this  re^rion  ( l-'ijr.  355). 

These,  like  the  sea-shells  and 
bone  of  the  whale,  probably 
came  from  the  coast,  where 
such  forms  are  common,  or 
they  are  at  least  imitations  of 
forms  ori^yinally  belonj^dntj  to 
the  coast. 

Points  for  .arrow  and  spear 
heads  rubbed  out  of  i)one 
(^''.^^'  .v)'')  were  not  uncom- 
mon. Althouj^h  I  did  not  hnd 
any  at  Lytton,  it  is  safe  to  a.s- 
sume  that  they  were  used  there  as  w(;ll.  The  ba.se  of  the  specimen  shown  in  I'i^r.  3;/)  6 
is  thin  and  sufficiently  wedge-slKH)eil  to  !)(•  readily  inserted  in  an  arrow-shaft,  while 


Vig.  3,14.     Cciiiiplcv  eiiippnil   l'„iiiis  .if  Cl.issy   ll.isalt 
/■'Tyifl.  •■  i,!,h''K  ■/!,&■<,  ,■  i,l,l,„l,  Nici.l^i  Laic 


l,)8, 
i  iiat.  &1/X. 


H«-  335- 
.■^pfiiccs   llrulyt;  ; 


„':'',«■  .135,-     Kulilifd  Points  made  of  SLtc.     a  (,)?«),  Kainloups;  *  (.IS,.!),  Siicn 
linage,     i  Hat.  size.  ' 


mmmmm 


mmmm 


410 


SMI  III,  ar(ili:oi.oc;y  or'  ihk  thomi'son  rivkr  region. 


the  s|i((inu-n  shown  in  I'i^r.  336^  has  a  base  nearly  cylindrical  inform.   In  the  char- 
coal and  soil  adhering  to  the  specimen  is  the  impression  of  primary  winjr-feaihers, 

with  the  tips  pointing  towards  its  base.  'Ihe 
specimen  shown  in  Fig.  336  d  is  made  of  the 
heavy  leg-bone  of  the  elk  or  a  like  animal,  and 
bears  an  artificial  median  groove  on  the  surface 
opposite  the  marrow-canal.  Of  seven  bone 
points  that  were  buried  with  it,  apparently  in  a 
pouch  at  the  side  of  a  body,  three  were  of  the 
I        jj  ^^        r  m       |;         form  shown  in  Fig.  336/ one  of  the  form  shown 

\J        jj  m       I''' m       \         'nF'R-336.f,  and  two  of  the  form  shown  in 

V         };         \K       I' im       I         Fig.  336//.  Anotherone  was  apparently  merely 

a  splint  with  rounded  back  and  hollowed  front. 
pH  ^    '1'^  Possibly  two  pieces   like   that  shown  in  Fig. 

*  336/ were  placed  01, e  on  each  side  of  the  one 

shown    in    Fig.   336  g,    and  lashed  there    by 
windings,  to  form  the  well-known  salmon  har- 
poon-head.'  Each  specimen  of  the  shape  shown 
in  Fig.  336  /  is  considerably  decomposed  for 
about  half  its  length  from  the  tapering  end, 
while  the  less  acute  end  is  better   preserved. 
The  different  states  of  preservation  of  the  two 
ends  suggest  that  the  points  were  inserted  in 
a  handle  or  hiM  by  windings,  which    affected  the  decomposition  of  the  bone. 
The  splint  may  have  been   simply  a  brace    or   filling   between    or  outside   of 
the   others.        Possibly    the    other    specimens   were    additional 
barbs.       This    is    not   unlikely,   because  it  is  known  that  four- 
pronged  spears  were  used  by  the  Indians.     On  the  other  hand, 
these   specimens    may    have    been    used  as  the   barbs  of  fish- 


■'ij:.  nf*-    ti-'iie  I 


)  nat.  size. 


.•  i,(?.l, /'l,j;,l,  ,/,/-<  (,11,  ,!,,»,,,,/),  Kamloops; 
<li5j'.  •■  ()lrtf').  S|jcnces  llrid,ie. 


Hr-  338. 

*■'«■  3.17.  <»  (,J8,\  .*(,t5i).  f  {,j5,rt),     H.irpnon'points  made  of  B<ine.     Knmlonps.    }  n.il.  size. 
Vie..  138,  .1  (,!J,),  Hone  object,  Kamloops ;  *  dlji),  Wooden  object,  Spcnces  llridge.    )  n.it.  size. 

spears.-     Fig.  336  c  illustrates  one  of  seven  specimens,  all  of  similar  form  but 
varying  in  size,  found  in  the  pouch  at  the  side  of  a  grave  explored  at  Spences 

'  See  VartlV,  Fig.  231.  «  Ibid.,  Kig.  232.  ' 


I> 


% 


mn 


mmmm 


SMITH,  AR(.:H.K()L()GV    OK     THE     IIIOMPSON    RIVRR    RKGK^N. 


■M' 


1> 


Bridge.     Two  of  the  specimens  o^  this  h)t  show  well-preserved  impressions  of 
winding,  exactly  as  would  be  the  case  if  they  formed  parts  of  a  harpoon-point.' 

A  bone  harpoon-point  made  wholly  of  one  piece  of  material,  and  with  a 
barb,  was  found  (Fig.  337,  a).  The  barb,  however,  is  broken  off.  The  base  is 
wedge-shaped,  and  could  easily  be  inserted  in  the  split  end  of  a  handle.  Such 
harpoon-points,  I  was  told  by  Baptiste,  an  old  shaman  who  is  still  familiar  with  the 
ancient  implements  of  the  Indians,  were  used  for  spearing  beaver.'  A  similar 
point,  also  said  to  be  used  for  beaver-spearing,  was  secured  by  Mr.  Teit  from  the 
Indians  at  Spences  Bridge.  Two  other  harpoon-points  (Fig.  i,^-;,  fi,  c)  are  much 
burned,  and,  as  both  are  broken,  their  original  shape  cannot  be  determined.  There 
are  many  pieces  still  less  perfect,  which  were  found  scattered  on  the  surface  of  the 
large  burial-ground  at  Kamloops,  while  other  pieces  were  found  with  cremated 
bones  of  children  at  the  Government  Site. 

I^'g-  Zi^  "  illustrates  a  bone  object  found  on  the  surface  of  the  Government 
Hill  at  Kamloops.  It  has  been  bleached  and  somewhat  warped  by  the  sun. 
The  notch  in  the  end  extends  slightly  down  the  sides,  but  shows  no  rubbing. 
F'g-  ii^  ^  illustrates  a  similar-shaped  speci- 
men made  of  wood,  which  was  found  in  a 
woven  pouch  in  the  grave  at  Spences  Bridge. 
Still  adhering  to  it  are  shreds  of  cedar-bark, 
while  traces  of  red  ochre  cover  it.  The  notch 
is  rectangular,  and  the  other  end  of  the 
specimen  is  pointed  like  a  sharpened  lead- 
pencil.  The.se  specimens  seem  to  be  fore- 
shafts  for  arrows  or  spears, —  the  former 
possibly  for  a  spear,  while  the  latter,  being 
delicate,  would  be  more  appropriate  for  a 
small  arrow. 

In  a  grave  near  Nicola  Lake  were  found 
fragments  of  a  wooden  bow  of  lenticular 
cross-section  ornamented  with  parallel,  irreg- 
ularly arranged,  cuneiform  incisions.''  Pieces 
of  wood,  some  of  which  may  have  been  part 
of  a  bow,  were  found  in  a  grave  at  the 
mouth  of  Nicola  Lake,  and  pieces  of  wood 
found  in  the  second  grave  on  the  Govern- 
ment Hill  at  Kamloops  resemble  a  bow  of 
the  type  shown  in  F"ig.  220,  Fart  IV.  ^.^fVaig, « '.;;•),  ^cHi)-  sap  -apers,  K.imi.«ps.  )  „.„ 

Digging-sticks  were  used  in  the  region, 
several  of  the  handles  made  of  antler  having  been  laund.   Many  of  them  are  deco- 
rated by  incised  designs.^ 


'  See  I'art  IV,  Fig.  231. 
»  See  Part  IV,  Fig.  7\b. 


'  See  Part  III,  Kig.  20,  which  shows  a  specimen  probal)ly  used  for  the  same  purpose. 
*  See  Part  III,  p.  137  ;  Part  IV,  p.  231. 


4'- 


SMI  I  II,  ARCU.KOI.OGV    OV    TIIK    IHOMl'SON    RIVKR    RKdlON. 


I'Dr  srciirinj,^  soft  inner  l)ark  or  sap  for  food,  the  Indians  use  bone  scrapers, 
willi  wliich  llic  trunk  of  tiie  tree  is  scraped  after  tiie  outer  bark  lias  been 
removed.'  Tile  specimens  slunvn  in  Imjt.  3;,9  probably  served  the  same  jjurpose. 
One  of  these  ( l"it(.  3.59,  a )  is  made  from  the  shoulder-blade  of  some  larj^e  mammal. 
It  is  consccpiently  very  thin.  I'he  ed^^es  show  that  the  bone  was  cut  by  j^roovin,!^ 
or  incisinj;  eacii  side,  and  breakin.>,s  in  tlie  same  manner  as  the  pieces  of  serpentine 
and  nephrite  were  detached  from  Ijowlders.  The  broken  ed<res  were  then  smoothed 
by  rul)l)inL(,  and  the  sliort  side  was  sharpened.  A  second  specimen  is  also  made 
of  Ixinc.  It  is  slightly  thicker  than  the  other.  It  shows  no  marks  of  cuttinj^,  and 
lias  sharp  edges  on  all  sides.  A  third  one  (Fig.  339,  />)  is  smaller,  but  similar  to 
the  first.  It  is  perforated,  possibly  for  suspension,  and  does  not  show  marks  of 
cutting  along  its  edges.' 

In  big.  340 (r  is  shown  a  bone  im|)lement  made  from  a  :  agment  of  a  long  bone, 
sligiitly  worked  at  the  base,  and  shaped  like  a  paper-cutter  at  the  point,  big. 
340  /'  represents  another  bone  implement,  very  thin,  with 
rounded  etlgesat  tin;  base,  and  is  shaped  like  the  former.  It 
is  i)erforated  at  the  centre,  about  an  inch  from  the  base,  the 
iiole  having  been  drilled  or  scraped  from  both  sides.  These 
two  implements  may  have  been  used  for  cutting  inner  bark 
when  the  sap  runs  in  .Xpril.' 

Tubes  about  four  inches  long,  made  from  bird-bones  cut 
off  sijuarely  at  the  ends,  were  secured.  These  were  |)roba- 
bl)'  used  for  drinking.' 

Pieces  of  birch-bark  with  perforations  rcsemliling  small 
needle-holes  were  found  ;  and  in  the  second  grave  on  the 
Ciovernment  Mill  a  little  dish  was  secured.  It  was  made  by 
turning  up  the  sides  of  a  piece  of  birch-bark,  folding  in  the 
ends,  and  stitching  them  with  a  piece  of  bark.  The  speci- 
men may  have  been  a  drinking-cup,  similar  to  those  in  use 
uj)  to  recent  times.  The  present  Indians  make  such  dishes 
in  which  to  market  wild  strawberries. 

l^nparatiou  of  l-'ood.  —  .Stone  pestles  served   for  crush- 


>..  ■.''■'■J 


iu!nV  hhplemtiiiii.''"k!.mio,'.p"' j  Ing  drlcd  meat,  berries,  etc.,  as  well  as  for  driving  wedges, 
splitting  wood,  ami  in  like  industries.  Many  of  these 
l)estles  are  mere  cylinders  of  tough  rock,  often  but  slightly  changed  from  the 
natural  pebble  by  a  little  pecking  or  rubbing.  One  of  those  found  is  over  a 
foot  in  length.  The  tyi)ical  form,  which  is  common  to  this  region  and  to  the 
ujjper  Cohunbia  near  Spokane,  however,  has  a  conoid  body  with  a  rounded  or 
hat-shaped  top  (I'ig.  341,  a,  b).     In  some  cases  the  top  is  of  the  form  of  a  face  or 


'  Sre  I'arl  IV,  p.  233. 

'^  St'c  l';ul  11 1.  I'i^.  115,  which  \\ :is  I'T'iliahly  aNo  used  as  .t  sap-scraper  ;  not  as  a  pciiilani,  as  staled  i>n  p.  151. 

■'  Ihitl,  l-'i^;.  51,  wliieh  (iyutc  «as  helieveil  by  .Michel  of  l.ytton  to  represent  such  ati  implernent. 

*  .See  Part  IV,  p.  313. 


•w^gm 


SMITH,  ARCH.I'.OI.OdV    OK    VUK    rilOMl'SdN    RlVllK    RKdlON. 


■1  '  o 


Vig.  341.     Stone  Iliimmers.     1  iiat.  sire. 
"Ill!«''  "llSi).  Kamlncips;  <  (,l?o),  Speiires  llriilj; 


animal  head  (Hig.  341,  f :  sec  also  V\g.  295,  Part  1\').     The  last-nani('d  s|)L'eimcii 

has  a cylinu.ical  strikinj^-hcad,  which  roscnibits  that  of  thi;  typical  pestles  of  1  .ytton. 
It  mi^ht  easily  liave  been  l)ron;j[ht  from  there  ;  and  it  is  surprising; 
that  no  more  ])estles  with  cylinilrical  strikini^-heads  have  been  im- 
ported into  this  rei^ion. 

I'lat  oval  bowlders,  like  those 
seen  at  Lytton,  are  frecjuently 
found  scattered  on  the  surface  of 
the  sites.  The  typical  specimen 
is  made  of  granite,  antl  shows  a 
decided  saucer-shaj)ed  depression 
in  the  centre  of  one  side.  This 
tends  to  confirm  the  belief  that 
tiiese  objects  were  used  as  anvils 
upt)n  wiiich  to  crush  food  or 
pound  other  material.  Haj)tiste 
said  that  small  stones  were  used 

as  anvils  upon  which  to  crush  food  in  mouthful  quantities  for  rich,  toothless  oltl 

persons  when  travellini;-.      He  said  that  these  persons  would  use  a  'arge  stone  when 

at  home,  but  that  a  small  one  was  lij^hter  to  carry  when  travelling;.     'Ihe  food  was 

placed  between  two  pieces  of  skin  and  crushed  with  a  small  jjestle.     Larj^e  Hat 

pieces  of  sandstone,  on  which  food  was  rubbed,'  were  not  found  in  this  region. 
The  larije  stone  mortar  shown    in    Fig.    342    was 

found  cached  as  described  on  p.  436.      It  is  made   of 

granite,  with    bottom   slightly  concave.       The    bowl    is 

about    six  inches  across 

by  four  inches  de(,'|j,  and 

fairly  smooth."    The  little 

stone  mortar   shown    in 

Fig.    343    has   a    rather 

smooth,    saucer  -  shaped 

bowl,    with    a   smaller 

pecked   pit   in  the  base. 

Around    it    outside    are 

four    incised    lines   that 

are   somewhat   effaced, 

the  specimen  apparently 

having  been  last  used  as  a  hammer-stone.     Mortars  of  the  type  shown  in  I'ig.  342 

'  Sne  Van  III,  p.  fy. 

''  According  to  information  secvircil  liy  I'rofcssor  lio.is  some  years  ago  wliilc  ;it  I\aniloo|is,  a  largf  stone  dish,  made 
o,  serpentine  or  stea.ile,  was  found  there  in  1S74,  and  is  said  to  have  l)een  nl  to  (ieneva,  Switzerland  ;  another  «.is 
said  to  have  liecn  secured  hy  I'rofessor  Ilnlilnirlon  and  sent  to  Ottawa  ;  while  a  third  ami  fourth  wen'  taken  to  Victoria 
liy  Jurlge  O'Kiley  and  Mr.  Ash.  The  last-named  specimen  is  said  to  have  reprcsi  nled  a  woman  in  a  silting  posture,  with 
a  suiike  sculptured  on  her  l).aek,  where  was  also  a  cup-shaped  dc|ircssion. 


Fig.  34J  (a434'-     Sttiiic  .Mnrt;ii 


f  ■«•  343- 
K.-unlodl-s.     1  n.-it   site. 


Fig.  343  ^■jl3n>-    SloMc  Mr)riar.    Kainloup'i.     )  ii:u.  aizc. 


mmmmmm 


414 


SMIIH,  ARCH.KOI.OGY    OI'    Tlir-:     THOMI'SON    RIVKR    RECION. 


— ?-T\^ 


were  not  foiinti  west  of  Kamloops.     They  are  common,  however,  to  tlie  south,  in 
Columbia  Valley  and  in  California. 

[•"ish-knives  made  of  slate,  like  those  found  at  Lytton,  were  rare  at  Kam- 
loops. They  were  not  found  at  Spences  Hridge  or  in  Nicola  Valley.  The  scar- 
city of  slate  knives  among  the  finds  is  probably  due  to  chance  or  to  the  fact  that 

dried  fish  was  a  comparatively  unimportant  article  of 
diet.  It  cannot  be  due  to  lack  of  contact  with  Coast 
tribes,  because  other  objects  are  found,  made  of  material 
imported  from  the  coast,  or  exhibiting  in  their  form  the 
influence  of  coast  culture.  The  slate  knife  illustrated 
in  Fig.  344,  like  another  one,  has  very  dull  edges, 
jnirsiA''"''  '■"'''""''  '^""'""'"''    all  of  which  are  about  equally  rubbed  or  rounded,  as 

would  be  the  case  had  the  object  been  used  as  a  skin- 
scraper.  There  is  a  wide  shallow  groove,  perhaps  one-fourth  the  width  of  the 
s|)ecimen,  running  lengthwise  near  one  edge,  and  on  the  other  side  a  similar 
gr<,;)ve  near  the  opposite  edge.  Thv«:  grooves  disappear  before  reaching  the 
c.kIs  of  the  specimen. 

No  shell  spoons  were  found.  The  conical  piles  of  sand  held  in  place  by 
burned  and  crackled  pebbles,  that  are  described  on  p.  403,  are  undoubtedly  the 
sites  where  roots  were  baked,  after  being  covered  with  leaves  and  ashes.  The 
Indians  boiled  their  food  in  baskets  until  recently.  The  scattered  burned  and 
crackled  stones,  and  the  entire  absence  of  pottery,  suggest  that  it  was  the  custom 
in  the  past.  We  may  naturally  suppose  that  roasting  before 
o|)en  fires  was  also  as  customary  as  it  is  now. 

Habitations.  —  Here,  as  at  Lytton,  the  ancient  houses 
were  similar  to  the  underground  houses  inhabited  by  the 
Indians  until  within  the  last  decade.'  This  is  proved  by  the 
numerous  pits,  each  surrounded  by  a  circular  embankment, 
found  at  all  of  the  sites  visited  (Part  III,  I'late  XIII,  Fig.  2, 
also  pp.  403  ff).  Near  them  are  often  found  the  pits  indicat- 
ing ancient  food-caches  or  cellars. 

Tool<.  —  Wedges  made  of  elk-antler  were  of  the  same 
sort,  and  were  as  numerous  in  the  graves  and  on  the  surface 
as  at  Lytton.  I'ndoubtedly  they  were  here  used  for  the  same 
purposes,  for  splitting  timbers,  cutting  firewood,  and  for  gen- 
eral carpentry-work.  Some  of  these  wedges  are  much  bat- 
tered by  long  use.  The  one  illustrated  in  Fig.  345  shows 
grooves  at  the  sides  similar  to  those  which  are  seen  on  some 
of  the  stone  celts,  the  antler  having  been  partly  cut  through 
from  both  sides,  and  then  broken  before  the  wedge  was 
rubbeu  to  a  point.  Some  of  the  wedges  were  made  of  very  small  prongs  of  antler 
sharpimed  from  both  sides,  and  are  almost  small  enough  to  serve  as  awls. 

'  See  I'art  IV,  pp.  192-195. 


f"ig-345  'si?i).    Wedge  made 
of  Antler.  Ivamluops.  \  nat.  si? 


■l<<«ai«inmP 


SMITH,  ARCVLKOLOGY   OF   THR    THOMPSON    RIVER    REGION. 


415 


While  the  stone  hammers  or  pestles  with  convex  bases  were  possiljjy  larj^'ely 
used  for  crushin}f  food  and  for  a  variety  of  other  purposes,  yet  those  with  concave 
bases  were  undoubtedly  oftener  used  as  hammers  for  driving  wedj^es,  etc.  The 
deeply-pitted  hamme.-stone,  such  as  is  found  in  the  Great  Lake  rej;ion,  was  not 
seen,  but  tough  pebbles  were  used  for  pounding.  Some  of  these  are  small,  am! 
battered  on  only  one  end.  Similar  unbattered  pebbles  found  with  pieces  of 
glassy  basalt  in  the  caches  suggest  that  the  former  might  have  been  chijiping- 
hammers.  Others  are  mere  pebbles  the  ends  of  which  were  flattened  by  use  in 
pounding.  One  of  these  hammers  (Fig.  346)  is  very  smooth  on  one  side,  while 
the  opposite  side  is  slightly  polished.  The  flattened  ends  are  not  battered,  but 
appear  as  if  the  object  had  been  used  to  pound  some  soft  material,  or  as  if  while 
in  use  it  had  been  protected,  perhaps  by  being  covered  with  skin.  It  may  have 
served  as  a  club-head.'  The  rubbed  sides  would  tend  to  confirm  the  idea  that 
it  had  been  hafted. 

The  specimen  shown  in  Fig.  347  is  a  pebble  which  has  been  notched  or 
grooved  on  two  edges.  It  does  not  show  any  battered  ends  ;  but  another  object 
of  the  same  kind  is  slightly  abraded  on  one  side.  These  may  have  been  sinkers 
for  nets  used  when  fishing  in  Kamloops  Lake,  or  club-heads  which  were  covered 
with  skin  when  in  use.      Round  stones  somewhat  similar  to  these  were  covered 

with  skin  and  used  as  balls.^ 
Possibly  some  stones  of  the 
kind  here  described^  may 
have  been  used  for  this  pur- 
pose. 

Stone  celts,  the  longest 
specimens  of  which  Baptiste 


Fig.  346.  Fig.  347. 

Figs.  346  (lijs),  347  (iJSb).    Stone  Hammers.     Kamloops.    i  nat.  size. 


Fig.  348  (iSfi).     ILinille  made  of 
Antler.     Kamloops.     J  nat.  si/e. 


said  may  have  been  used  either  as  battle-axes  or  chisels,*  were  found  throughout 
the  entire  region. 

The  bleached  piece  of  antler  shown  in  Fig.  348  was  possibly  the  handle  of  a 
stone  chisel.  The  lower  end  is  cut  squarely  across,  and  the  upper  end  is  bevelled. 
The  specimen  was  found  in  pieces,  the  soft  inner  part  of  the  antler  being  too  much 
decomposed  to  determine  whether  the  object  was  a  handle  or  merely  a  cylinder  of 
antler.  It  is  the  only  archaeological  evidence  secured  in  this  region  that  tends  to 
prove  a  statement  of  Baptiste,  that  celt  handles  were  made  of  antler. 

The  material  of  the  celts  is  green  stone,  apparently  such  as  was  used  for  the 


>  See  I'art  IV,  Big.  248. 


'  Ibid.,  p.  279. 


'See  Part  HI,  p.  142. 


*  See  I'art  IV,  p.  183. 


'*fl 


4i<J 


SMUH,  AKCII.KOI.OdV    or     IIIK    'IIIDMPsDN    Rr\l',R    RKtWON. 


't 


same   |)iir|)()sc  at    l.ytton.     'I'liosc;   tii^urcd   wt^rc   iikMitificd  as   nephritt;   by   Mr. 
(ji;()r^'('  1'".  Klin/. 

'1  licsi'  cf.lts  vary  in  size.     'I  lie  larncsi  one  found  nu'asiin'd  nearly  fourteen 
inches  in  length  ( I' ii,'.  ;,4y,  </),  and  tlu;  smallest  barely  two  inches 
ill  length  (Vh^.  350,  //).      Hoth  of  these  sinxiniens  are  double- 
biaded,  and,  like  nearly  all  celts  of  tlie  region,  show  traces  of  the 
j^rrooves  by  whicli  they  were  cut  out.' 
C^^__J~^^  Michel  of   l.ytton  stated  that  the  horsetail 

(f  rusli  (/:i////S(i/tw)  was  used  to  start  the  5,'rooves 

when  cutting  out 
pieces  of  nephrite.^ 
After  that,  sharp- 
ened beaver-teeth, 
and  finally  quartz, 
sandstone,  or  ne- 
phrite, either  with 
or  without  sand, 
was  used.  Mr.Teit 
refers  to  the  use  of 
the  same  plant  for 
polishing.'' 
a  '   M    ^  Wk  ^  I  h  a  V  e  stated 

already'  that  vari- 
ous methods  were 
used  for  cutting 
nephrite,  and  that 
the  numerous  frag- 
ments of  sandstone 
showing  bevelled 
or  rounded  edges, 
which  were  found 
at  Lytton,  were 
probably  e.xten- 
sively  used  for  this 
purpose.  It  would 
seem  that  those 
w  i  t  h  rounded 
edges  had  bee  n 
worn  down  in  the 

r  uj;,l.     Cwl.sm..J>:..(Nt,,l,nic.     Kasl  I'.ml  .Nicla  L.>kc.     J  ,i,,l.  si,c.  prOCCSSOf    CUtting. 


P 


I 


'See  I'ttrl  III,  p.  143. 

''Si-f  r.irl  HI,  I'ii;.  41J.     Midul  iiriiluililj' iiKMiit  sUatilc,  of  which  jiipcs  were  mailc,  ami  in  cutlini;  which  l)cavcr- 
Iteth  might  have-  been  used.  ajjqe  I'art  IV,  p.  iSj. 


a  ^jf^H^HRS 


SMITH,  ARCII.I;oI.OC:Y   of   THR   THOMPSON    RIVER    KKCION. 


4': 


("ells    iii;ide     ...      ...p 

K.tmlniips.     )  nai.  %i/c 


Some  pieces  of  slate  with  riil.bed  edges,  found  at  Kamloops,  may  liav(.' 
served  the  same  inirpose;  but  pieces  of  sandstone  similar  to  those  foinulat  I.yt- 
ton  were  entirely  absent.  It  may  be  that  nephrite  implements  were  not  manu- 
factured at  any  of  the  places  investiijated,  as  is  also  suj,mestcd  by  the  scarcity  of 
cut  bowlders,  of  which  a  sinjrle  specimen  only  was  found  ;  and  this  would  account 
for  the  absence  of  these  sandston(;  cutters.  Some  of  the  .,rrooved  bowlders  found 
at  i.ytton  have  small  artificial  scratches  on  them,  reseml)lin>,f  j^rlacial  stria,  such  as 
would  be  made  by  a  few  large  grains  of  sand  under  a  rubbing-stone. 

The  specimens  shown  in  Fig.  349.  a  and  /;,  have  either  been  battered  at  one 
end  and  afterwards  rubbed  smooth  purposely  or  by  continued  use,  or  one  end  had 
never  been  fully  sharpened,  leaving  part  of  the  fractured  sur- 
face uni)olished,  while  the  edge  itself  was  much  rubbed.  'Ihe 
specimen  shown  in  Fig.  349  c  has  been  cut  across  at  its  upi)er 
end  i)y  a  groove  on  each  side.  The  end  was  broken  off  at  that 
point,  and  part  of  the  fractured  surface  was  rubbed  smooth. 
The  impletnent  with  slanting  edge,  shown  in  Fig.  350  a,  migh. 
well  have  served  for  a  knife,  even  without  hafting.  Some  speci- 
mens were  much  worn  by  use,  handling,  or  by  sand  ijeing 
blown  against  them.  Several  have  one  side  conve.x,  the  other 
flat. 

A  few  fragments  of  siliceous  sandstone  rubbed  on  the  (lat  sides  were  found, 
which  probably  served  as  rough  whetstones  and  for  grinding  implements  into  shape. 
Whetstones,  some  of  them  similar  to  those  found  at  Lytton,  were  frequently 
obtained  on  the  surface  and  in  graves.  Sometimes  several  were  found  in  a  single 
grave.  One  of  these  (Fig.  35  i ,  „ )  is  flat,  and  a  groove  runs  diagonally  pcross  itras 
if  it  had  been  used  to  sharpen  a  chisel-iike  object.     Another  one  (Fig.  _,^   ,  //)  has 

also  deep  scratches.  It  is  nearly  square  in  cross-sec- 
tion. Still  another  one  (  Fig.  351,0  is  of  fine-grained 
schist  rubbed  on  the  edge,  somewhat  as  are  the  grit- 
stones u.sed  for  cutting  serpentine  and  nephrite  ;   but 

it  is  concave  in 
places,  as  if  rubbed 
upon  rather  than 
used  in  |jloughing  a 
groove.  M  a  n  )•  o  f 
thes(!  whetstones 
were  simple,  finger- 
shaped  pieces  of  slate 
Fi«.35..  whc>s>o„es.  i „,«.  ,i.e.  or  fiue-graiued  .schist 

rubbed  on  all  sides. 
The  frequent  presence  of  teaver-teeth,  not  made  into  dice,  in  the  caches  and 
graves,  although  they  were  not  cut,  as  were  some  found  at  Lytton.'  suggests  that 

'  Sec  Part  in,  Fig.  49.   ^  '  ~ 


^r::^ 


•JI.S  SMITH.  ARCH.KOI.OOY   Of   THli   THOMPSON    RIVER    RKdlON. 

th.y  wen;  used  for  ciittinjr  or  for  chipping;  imp1<Mnents.  A  piece  of  wood  re- 
scmlilini,'  a  how,  into  wliicliwas  prosscil  a  chipped  stone  point  ( I'ijr.  :ii2,  c),  is  the 
only  ol)ject  found  whicli  is  su^i,restive  of  a  knife-handle. 

One  bar  of  antler  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  in  thickness  and  an  inch  wide, 
taperini;  to  a  narrow  s<|uare  end  which  was  rubbed  smooth,  may  have  been  used 
for  chipping  arrow-jxiints,  plaiting  baskets,  or  for  similar  purposes.     Accordinjj  to 


'■'S-  35^>    Cliipped  Stone  Implemcnls.     Nsit.  size. 

"  fiKjl.  ^' 's'iin"\  '  fjuSn"'    Scrapers.     Kainluops;  (/  (ajit'i  Knife.     Kanlloops  ;  «■  (3)84 '■ /^ 'aiSl^i   Drills. 
Kan,I-'nps:  ctii?^),  Drill.     Spcnccs  llriil};e. 

Baptiste,  implements  of  this  kind  were  used  to  rub  or  scrape  small  pieces  of  skin.' 
Some  pieces  of  the  metapodial  bone  of  the  deer,  split  or  cut  lengthwise,  were 
rubbed  on  all  edges,  and  sharpened  to  a  spatulate  shape  ;  others  were  rubbed  on 
the  broken  edges  of  the  middle  part  of  the  bone,  as  would  have  been  the  case 
had  tiiey  been  used  for  skin-scrapers.^ 

Tor  scraping  and  cutting,  the  chipped  objects  shown  in  Fig.  352,  a-c,  would 
have  been  useful.  These  are  rather  flat  on  one  side,  showing,  besides  the  bulb  of 
percussion,  few  if  any  places  where  chips  have  been  detached.  The  other  side 
is  of  the  shape  of  a  turtle-back,  and  shows  much  secondary  chipping.  The  first 
of  these  is  made  of  glassy  basalt,  the  second  of  chert,  the  third  of  opal.  Fig.  352 
r/  shows  an  object  similar  in  shape  to  the  carving-knives  used  until  recently."      It 


is  made  of  chert.     Fig.  352,  c- 

'See  Part  III,  Fig.  5s. 


illustrates  the  typical  chipped  specimens  suitable 

» Ibiil.,  Fig.  65.  'See  I'art  IV,  Figs.  125,  126. 


SMITH,  ARCH.i;()|.(k;v   Oh'    riiK    IIIOMI'SON    klVKK    Ki;(;iON.  410 


for  drills  or  pcrfonitors  fouiul  in  this  r(',irion.      Tlic  first  of  tiust;  is  m.i.lc  of  duTt, 
the  second  of  aiulositic  lava,  tiic  third  of  i^lassy  i.asak. 

Pairs  of  coarse  siliceous  sandston.;  arrowshaft-sinoothcrs,  like  those  found  at 
Lytton.'  were  frecjuently  found  in  the  -raves.  They  vary  in  lenytii  from  ahout  two 
to  seven  inches. 

The  object  shown  in  I'ig.  353  is  part  of  a  larger  object  made  of  bone  of  the 
whale,  but  no  other  fragments  of  it  were  found.  It  shows  at  the  lower  end  a 
rectangular  cut,  as  if  a  hole  had  bv,en  made  through  it  from 
edge  to  edge  ;  and  a  groove  extends  along  its  edges,  Possibly 
it  was  the  end  of  the  handle  of  a  war-club,  with  the  hole  for  a 
suspending-string  and  the  grooves 
for  receiving  a  thong  for  the  same 
purpose,  or  a  string  of  beads,  or 
similar  ornamental  objects. 

The  charred  bone  object  shown 
'"  F'g-  354"  is  shaped  like  a  staple, 
and  was  whittled  into  shape.  The 
ujjper  end  is  blunt,  and  apparently 
not  worn  by  use.  The  prongs  are 
square  on  the  inside,  and  rounded 
on  the  outer  edges.  They  are  rath- 
er sharp.     A    similar  bone  object, 

much  bleached  (lMg.354,  b)  was 

found  on   the  surface  of  the 

large    burial-place    at    Kam- 

loops.    Its  upper  end  is  sharp- 1 

ened,    and    forms   a    head    of 

greater   width    than    the    rest 

of  the  object.     Grooves  begin 

with  the  deep  notch  at  its  base, 

and  extend  upward  towards  the 


(>bject.    Kaiiiluups.   \  nat. 


Hone  Objects,     Kaiiiliiops.     J  nal.  size. 


point.     The  prongs  are  incised 


*■"'«   35S'al:i'(>.     Skiii-scr-tper.     Spcnccs 
llndgc.     \  iiat.  size. 


on  their  outer  edges.  If  this 
object  had  originally  been  slipped  over  the  end  of  a  stick,  and  bound  on,  these 
incisions  would  have  held  the  winding-strings  in  place.  These  objects  may  have 
been  points  for  some  implement,  parts  of  dog-harnesses,  or  attachments  of  nets. 
The  charred  bone  object  shown  in  Fig.  354  r  was  found  with  the  specimen  illus- 
trated in  Fig.  355,  and  it  shows  that  it  was  whittled  into  shape.  Both  ends  are 
broken  off,  but  some  of  the  Indians  believe  it  to  be  part  of  a  beaver-.spear  point. 
Many  implements  were  found  which  served  for  the  preparation  of  skins 
and  for  sewing  vegetable  materials.      Skin-scrapers  made  of  pebbles  of  quartz, 


'See  Pari  III,  p.  146. 


m 


430 


SMI  I  II,  .\R(  ll.Kol.OCiV    Ul     illK    rHOMl'SON    KIVER   RKGION. 


;ir;jillitc,  ^ranil(!,  and  other  materials,  were  in  j^eneral  like  those  found  at  I.ytton. 
The  s|)ecin)en  siiown  in  I'ijf,  ;?55  is  nnnsually  lari^i-,  beinj,'  over  seven  inches  ami 
a  iiaif  lonjr.  It  is  made  liy  thi|i|)inj,r  th(.'  vaI^i:  of  a  iar^M'  Hake  on  liotii  siiles. 
A  few  arc  dovetail  sliape.  Some  larj;e  chii)pe(l  points  made  of  glassy  hasalt,  ami 
similar  in  shape  to  tin-  spicimens  shown  in  l'"\^^.  331,  would  have  serveil  well  for 
tile  same  |)urpose.' 

I  he  scrapers  made  of  hone  were  practically  of  the  .-.anie  kind  as  those  from 

n  i.ytton.     Scra|)ers  made  of  sIionldiT-blades  of  larj^e  mammals  were 

jK  ^    s(.'(iired,  but  none  made  from  a  fuil-longtii  mi.-tapodial  bone.     The 

specimrn  shown  in    l'"ijf.  ,^56,  made  of  the  scapula  of  a  deer,  was 

found  in  the  j^rave  at  Spt:nces  Uriii^e.     'I'he  ends  still  show  traces 

of  windint^s  of  vejjetable  fibre  ;  ami  tlu;  whole  specimen  resembles 

tin;  scrapers    made   of 

horses'  ribs,  wound  at 

the    ends    with    sage- 

brusii  and  skin,  such  as 

the  present  Indians  use 

to    beam    skins.'      Ac- 

cordintj    t  o    Maptiste, 

the  natural  grooves  in 

tile    skin-scrapers  and 

chisels    matle   of    t  h  e 

metapodial    bones    o  f 

the  deer  and  elk-  were 

used  as  receptacles  for 

awls,  and    needles  for 

making  mats.      When 

not   in   use,  the  whole 

scraper  w.ts  wrapped  in 
skin  or  le>;tile,  and  the  delicate  implements  were  safely  carried  in  its  groove. 

Hesiih  s  the  stone  drills  or  perforators  previously  mentioned  (Fig.  352,  e-o), 
tliere  were  found  several  awls  made  of  bone  and  one  of  iron.  The  specimen 
shown  in  Fig.  357  a  is  made  of  the  proximal  part  of  an  ulna  of  a  deer.  Another 
one  ^Fig.  337,  <^)  is  made  of  one-half  of  the  distal  end  of  the  metapodial  of  a  deer. 
I'.ach  of  these  specimens  represents  a  type  of  awl,  made  of  a  special  bone,  which 
is  widely  distributed  in  America.  The  awl  shown  in  Fig.  357  c  is  made  of  the 
distal  end  of  the  humerus  of  a  bird,  probably  a  goose  or  duck,  and  is  cut  diago- 
nally across.  Fig.  357  rt'  represents  an  iron  awl,  with  handle  made  of  bone,  found  in 
the  pouch  at  the  back  of  the  skeleton  in  the  first  grave  on  the  Government  Hill 
at  Kaiiiloops.  The  iron  shaft  is  so  much  oxidized  that  notre.ce  of  metallic  iron 
remains.  It  is  (setting  aside  the  copper,  which  may  be  of  na'.ive  origin)  the  only 
object  suggesting  contact  with  the  whites,  found  at  any  of  the  old  sites  herein 

'  See  Part  IV,  p.  1S5.  s  See  I'arl  III,  Figs.  54,  65. 


[-~JJ 


Si  nipf  r  iiLuic  of  ;i 
Sc.iliuli.  Spruces 
ltriU);c.      i  iiat.  8i;c 


Fin.  J57.     Awls.     Kanilonps.     |  nat.  siye. 
ijiS.i.  i^ljlijl.  <■  dill),  Hone  Awls;  ./(,J3,),  Iron  Aw' 


I 


SMiril,  ARCII.KOl.Ol.S'    Ol'    IIIK     IIIOM  l'S(  )N    RIVKR    KKdlON. 


J -'I 


! 


if'l 


^ 


)i 


} 


k 


ill 


/• 


u 


Fin,  358.     Hnnc  Needlfii.     |  mil.  si/e. 

■>  IfHoi. ''tis.),  Nit'iln  Lalce;r(jJ»,.i),rff,J!„i),  , 
/'il!oi,A'(iUjl,  Kiuiilo.ips. 


y 


described,  except  the  one  west  of  the;  inoulh  of  ilic  N'ortli  Tliotiiiisnii,  wliidi  w.is 
inhabited  after  tlie  Iludsmi  May  Company  sitiicd  there.  Ihe  bone  hanilir  of 
this  specimen  is  coscred  witii  incised  lines,  probably  intended  for  ornamental 
purposes,  and  it  is  stained  by  copi)er  salts. 

I'ine  and  coarse  tiat  needles  math.-  of  bone  were  used  throuLjhout  the  entire 
region  for  sewin>(  together  cat-tail  stalks  to  form  mats,  and  for  other  purposes. 
The  specimen  shown  in  Fig.  35.S  a  is  least 
flat  of  all,  being  nearly  half  round  in  cross- 
section  ;  and  the  eye,  which  in  most  cases 
is  about  a  third  of  the  way  from  the  end, 
is  in  this  case  at  the  tip.  It  is  also  con- 
nected with  the  end  by  what  is  apparently 
an  accidental  crack,  but  which  makes  the 
object  resemble  a  self-threading  needle. 
Another  specimen  (I'ig.  35S,/;)  has  the  eye 
in  the  usual  place,  but  it  departs  from 
the  typical  form  by  being  made  of  a  thinner 
piece  of  bone,  so  that  it  was  not  rubbed 
down  enough  to  efface  the  marrow-canal. 
The  eye  is  of  a  circular  form,  gouged 
from  both  sides.  Fig.  358  f  shows  the 
type  of  bone  needle  of  this  region.  It  has 
the  eye,  which  is  lenticular  in  form  and 
also  cut  from  both  sides,  removed  more 
than  one-third  its  length  from  li.^  jnd.  It 
is  slightly  curved,  and  made  of  part  of  a 
bone  so  thick  that  the  cellular  structure 
of  the  inner  side  is  nearly  rubbed  away. 
l'''g>  35^  '?' shows  a  similar  specimen,  which 
has  two  shallow  indentions  evidently  made 
purposely, —  one  near  its  middle,  and  the 
other  opposite  its  eye.  The  specimen 
illustrated  in  Fig.  358  c  differs  from  the 
typical  form  in  having  two  eyes.  One  is 
located  slightly  nearer  the  centre  than 
usual ;  the  other  is  removed  about  one- 
fourth  the  distance  from  the  end.  Fig. 
358  /  illustrates  a  piece  of  bone  evidently  intended  for  a  needle,  but  not  yet 
rubbed  down  or  provided  with  an  eye.  The  cellular  structure  of  the  inner  side 
of  the  bone  is  very  marked. 

The  specimen  shown  in  Fig.  358  ^  is  of  the  shape  of  a  knitting-needle. 
It  is  made  of  bone,  and  shows  traces  of  winding  which  cover  bands  sepa- 
rated by  five  intervals  of  irregular  size.      It  is  slightly  colored  by  red  ochre. 


(liSii. 


4ta 


bMIIII.  AKCIIlOl.OCiV    <»l      IMi;    IIIOMI'SON    RIVKK    Ri:(H<»N. 


A  second  spcrimcn.lM-arin^'  four  hands,  but  similar  in  all  other  details,  was  found 
to^rtl)er  witii  the  one  ilestrilxd  hen'. 

//'./;•.      Mesides  the  objects  wIiIlIi  may  liave  been  used   in  war  as  well  as  in 
hunting;  (siidi  as  cliipiicd  points  for  spears,  arrows,  and  knives),  and  others  tiiat 

ma)'  hav(!  i)een  tools  as  well  as  weai)ons  (such  as 
club-heads,  and  the  long  celts  said  to  have  been 
battle-axes),  then;  are  some  spcciinens  which  were 
probably  useful  onl)'  in  warfare.  Prominent  amonjf 
tliese  were  three;  larj^e  clubs  founil  at  Kamloops. 
They  are  madt;  from  the  rib-bones  of  the  whale.  They 
\ary  from  about  nineteen  inches  to  two  feet  in  lenj^th. 
I'Or  the  j;reat(;r  part  of  their  lenjfth  they  arc  like  the 
natural  bone,  hmticular  in  cross-section.  The  handle 
occupies  ne.irly,  if  not  (juite,  the  upper  third  of  the 
oljject;  and  on  two  of  the  specimens  (I'ifj.  359)  the 
knob  of  the  hamlle  is  carved  to  represent  a  human 
head,  adorned  with  what  is  apparently  a  feather  head- 
dress. The  carvings  are  practically  bilaterally  sym- 
metrical. The  feathe,-  head-dress  may  be  clearly 
recogni;  d  in  the  smaller  club  (Fig.  359,  <?),  the  beak 
forming  a  crest  over  the  human  face.  The  eye  in  this 
crest  may  belong  to  the  bird  from  the  skin  of  which 
the  head-dress  is  made,  or  the  whole  may  be  a  head- 
mask.  The  lips  of  the  human  figure  are  apart,  and 
the  tongue  is  pushed  forward  between  them.  The 
specimen  shown  in  F'ig.  359  b  is  the  largest  of  the 
three  clubs,  and  retains  the  lateral  curve  of  the  rib. 
The  carving,  while  less  intricate  than  that  on  the 
smaller  specimen,  is  quite  as  striking.  The  former 
specimen  shows  distinct  marks  of  the  handle  having 
been  wound  with  cord.  The  winding  probably  served 
to  give  a  better  hold,  and  ended  in  a  loop  by  which 
the  club  was  suspended  from  the  wrist.'  A  fourth 
club,  not  carved,  but  made  of  the  same  material,  is 
in  the  |)rovincial  Museum  at  Victoria.  It  was  col- 
<(,i?.).  w.,r.duM  Kam-  Icctcd  at  Kauiloops,  in  1893,  by  Mr.  C.  G.  King. 

The  whole  style  of  carving  of  these  clubs  sug- 
gests imitation  of  the  art  of  the  Coast  tribes,  from  whose  territory  the  material 
for  the  objects  came.  Hone  clubs  as  narrow  as  this,  or  with  handles  of  this  type, 
have  not  been  foimd  on  the  coast.  The  general  style  of  the  carving  of  these 
handles  is  most  closely  approached  on  the  southeastern  part  of  Vancouver  Island, 
but  there  the  carving  usvially  represents  a  bird's  head. 

'  Sue  I'art  IV,  p.  263. 


Ki 


Idops.      \  II, tt.  si/c 


s 


i 


i 


SMITH,  .\I<(II,K()I.()(;V    (»1      lllK,     rilOMI'SON    RIVKK    KF.CII  IN. 


^^^ 


n\ 


A  ila^r^rer  or  knifi-  over  one  foot  Ion-  ,r.a,|,-  „f  antler,  was  found  in 
cxcavattnLT  at  til.- I.ir.;.' I.urial-i.lacc  at  Kamloops,  It  .loos  not  vary  materially 
Ironi  a  snuilar  sptcinien  found  at  l.ylton,'  except  in  liavinj;  a  hole  tliroiiv^I,  ||„- 
upper  end.  j-his  hole  is  about  a  (piarter  of  an  ineh  ion-  and  of  the  slLijie  of  a 
rcctan^rle  with  rounded  corners.  It  seems  to  l)e  worn,  as  if 
a  thonj;  had  hoen  passed  tliroui^h  it. 

The  specimen  shown  in  i'iir.  ;,(,o  „  is  rudely  made  of  the 
thin  eiljre  of  some  larj,^-  l)on«;,  such  as  a  scapula.  It  has  a 
sharp  point.  The  handle  is  rou-hly  broken,  Init  may  have 
been  wound  with  bark  twine.  It  is  notched  near  its  c\k],  and 
a  scratched  jjroove  e.xtends  across  it  from  the  notch.  This 
notch  may  have  served  for  holding;  in  |)lare  skin  or  fabric 
wound  around  it  for  a  handle,  or  it  may  have  been  simply 
for  attaching  a  strinj,r  for  suspension.  Possibly  the  imple- 
ment served  as  a  knife,  to  be  us.'d  for  a  variety  of  purposes. 
I'"'K'-  360  /)  shows  a  beautifully  ornamented  da^^j^^er  or  spear 
point  maile  of  antler.  Its  base  is  much  decomp'osed,  but  a 
circular  perforation  may  still  be  seen.  It  is  lenticular  in  cross- 
section.  Iron-Head  saiil  that  formerly  such  implements,  made 
of  antler,  frequently  served  as  si)ear-]K)ints. 

/)nss  auti  Or//(tmc-///.—Sk\nfi  of  the  deer,  birds,  and 
other  animals,  have  been  found  in  the  jrraves,  and  were  evi- 
dently portions  of  -arments  and  i)ouches.  No  spindle 
who)-ls  have  been  found  above  Lytton.  No  eviilence  was 
found  that  mountain-goat  wool  and  do--hair  were  spun  and 
woven. 

Fragments  of  fabrics  woven  from  vegetable  fibre  were 
found  at  all  the  sites.  Such  material  was  probably  used  in  this 
region  for  much  of  the  clothing,  as  well  as  for  pouches,  mats,  etc. 

Mats,  which  were  sometimes  found  as  outer  wrapjiings  on 
the  bodies  in  the  graves,  were  mac'e  of  cat-tail  stalks,  either 
sewed  or  woven  together.'  Tlie  vegetable  fibre  used  in  sew- 
ing and  weaving  these  stalks,  and  in  weaving  in  general,  ^ 
was  probably  similar  to  that  used  by  the  present  Indians  '  * 
Most  of  the  fabrics  found  in  the  graves  were  too  fragmentary 
for  determination.  Sewed  matting  was  over  the  burial-tent  in  the  first  Nicola 
Valley  grave,  while  one  of  the  bodies  at  the  Government  Hill  Site  at  Kamloops 
was  wrapped  in  woven  matting.  Mats  were  probably  used  in  much  the  same 
way  as  they  are  by  the  present  Indians.  Food  is  spread  on  them  to  dry.  They  serve 
many  purposes  as  a  piece  of  household  furniture,  such  as  rugs,  table-mats,  and 
bedding  ;  and  they  are  used  for  covering  lodges.  The  bodies,  after  being  wrapped 
'"  '"ats,  were  sometimes  bound  with  a  three-stranded  cord,  about  one-fourth  of  an 


jt: 


i  nat.  siie. 
..    ',J»,I,  Karo|..npi;  i  (,J|,,. 


Daglicni. 


'See  P.iti  III,  l-ig.  80. 


'See  I'.nrt  IV,  Kig.  131,  r,  ^. 


'  W,/.,  p.  iSijr. 


^^■^{.UOi^^i^ 


v.- 


424 


SMIIH,  ARCII.i:OI,()GV   OF   THR   THOMPSON    RIVER   REOION. 


iiirli  ill  tliiimctcr,  made  of  fibre  ros(;mbling  cedar-bark.  The  small  strands  were  made 
by  iwistiiii^  tin-  fibre  to  the  left,  and  these  were  combined  by  twisting  to  the 
ri};ht.  I'oiiches  such  as  were  found  with  the  skeletons  and  other  portions  of 
fabric  wen;  similar  in  all  details  to  the  fabrics  illustrated  in  Fig.  131,  </ and  /^ 
Part  1\'.  Other  pieces  were  made  of  the  same  weave  as  that  shown  in  Fig.  131, 
(  or  /',  but  of  much  finer  strands.  Some  have  a  finer  warp  but  a  coarse  woof. 
'I"he  coarser  strands  of  the  warj)  are  probably  very  small  rushes.  F'ibres 
resembling  straw,  grass,  or  in  some  cases  the  rough  outer  bark  of  the  elm,  were 
found  in  these  fabrics,  the  weight  of  the  soil  apparently  having  pressed  two 
distinct  layers  together.  These  fibres  seem  not  to  have  been  woven.  It  is  pos- 
sible that  these  were  mattings  made  of  cat-tails,  and  that  only  pieces  between 
the  stitches  ha[)])(:n  to  be  prescr\ed.  Fiat  ])ieces  of  fibrous  matter  were  found 
which  resemble  sheets  of  pounded  bark,  and  which  in  structure  are  somewhat 
like  bark-cloth.  There  were  also  black  fibres  of  bark  found  in  rolls,  and  many 
shreds  of  cedar-bark.  Such  may  have  served  as  slow-matches 
for  carrying  fire.  Shredded  cedar-bark  was  found  near  the 
heads  of  some  of  the  botlies,  and  may  have  served  as  pillows 
or  bedding  for  the  bodies.     F"ragments  of  such  bark  are  still 

attached  to  the  arrow-shaft  shown 
in  Fig.  338  d. 

Personal  ornaments  in  great 
variety  were  found.  Red,  yel- 
lowish-red, and  yellow  ochre, 
copper  clay,  and  charcoal  were 
fretiuently  met  with,  and,  mixed 
V     /  \     i\         with  grease,  probably  served  for 

painting  the  body.  The  pieces  of 
copper  clay  show  rubbed  surfaces. 
They  were  probably  ground  on 
stone  in  preparing  paint.  Body 
and  clothing  were  further  deco- 
rated with  ornaments  of  the  same 
materials  as  were  employed  at 
Lytton.  No  combs  were  found. 
Objects  made  of  stone  and  bone 
were  secured,  that  the  Indians  believed  to  have  been  head-scratchers.  The 
specimen  shown  in  F'ig.  361  is  one  of  these,  and  is  made  of  beautiful  white 
aragonite.  It  seems  that  it  hail  two  lobes,  which,  however,  are  broken  away. 
The  specimen  ivas  formeil  by  rubbing,  and  may  have  been  a  hcad-scratcher  or  a 
hair  or  nose  ornament.'  The  si)ecimen  shown  in  Fig.  362,  however,  is  more 
likely  to  have  served  as  a  head-scratcher.'  It  is  made  of  bone,  and  bears  an 
incised  design. 


Fly.  361, 


I 


Fit.  3^1. 


fig-  363- 


Fiit.  3(14. 

Fig.  361  (,J5i»'.     Stitric  Object.     K;iniloops.    i  iiai.  size. 
Fii;.  t^j  (fttit.     Hc»d-scratclicr.     Kamloops.     )  nat.  si/e. 
Fib  3*^3  (riji',  tri^jV    Copper  Pcn<lanls.     Nicola  Lake.     }  nat.  size. 
Fit;.  3'>4  <3iSi^.    Copper  I'eiid.tnt.     Kamloops.     )  nat.  size. 


'  See  Part  IV,  p,  223. 


'  Ibid.,  p.  312, 


VC'^ 


SMITH,  ARCH.KOI.OGY   OF   TIIK   TIlOMl'SON    RIVKR    UKC.ION. 


4^5 


i'V-  i<'S- 


V'K.  i6a. 
Us-  i''i  (t13|I.    Ccipper  Peiiil.iiit,     Nic.ila  Lake.    )  nat.  size. 
>■"     J«)  (rMi)l.     Necklace.     Nitiila  Lake.    )  nal.  size. 


The  pc-ndants  shown  in  ImV.  ',63  ;,rc  iikuIl'  of  thin  copixT,  each  with  a  small 
irrctjLilar  holo  punched  in  the  wide  end.  I'hey  were  found  n-.-ar  the  neck  of  a 
skeleton.  The  copper  disk  shown  in  I'"ij,r.  364  has  a  small  perforation,  anil  was 
probably  a  pendant  for  the  ear. 

With  the  cop[)er  objects  sliown  in  Vl^.  ;,63,  others  ( 1' i^s.  365,  366)  were 
found  in  a  mass  near  the  neck  of  a  skeleton.  The  last-named  ti-ure  shows  wiiat  is 
unmistakably  a  neck- 
lace of  four  strands  of 
shell  beads  of  cylin- 
drical form,  about  an 
eighth  of  an  inch  in 
diameter,  and  about 
a  thirty-second  of  an 
inch  in  thickness, 
with  a  bore  of  about 
a  thirty-second  of  an 
inch.  These  are 
strung  on  a  cord 
made  of  vegetable 
fibre  twisted  to  the 
left.  The  loops  meet, 
and  are  held  at  the 
back  by  a  cord,  which  is  also  twisted  to  the  left.  .Suspended  from  the  middle 
of  the  front  was  a  perforated  copi)cr  pendant,  a  fragment  of  which  remains.  Its 
shape  resembled  that  of  the  pendants  shown  in  I-'ig.  365,  and  iMgs.  87-89,  Part 
III.  The  testimony  of  Charlie  Tcilaxitca  in  regard  to  these  specimens  agrees 
with  the  finds.  He  said  that  they  were  probably  worn  on  the  chest  by  the 
daughters  of  chiefs. 

One  of  these  pendants  (l'"ig.  365)  is  suspended  by  a  string  the  strands  of 
which  are  twisted  to  the  right,  but  other  strands,  noticeable  in  the  knot,  are 
twisted  to  the  left.  The  string  is  tied  twice  around  the  pendant  through  the 
large  centrpl  opening.  It  then  passes  up  through  a  whole  dentalium  shell  ami 
through  a  small  cylindrical  bead  made  of  vegetable  material.  As  the  neckl.ice 
near  which  this  i)iece  was  found  had  a  pendant,  it  seems  probable  that  this  speci- 
men may  have  been  used  for  an  ear-ornament,  especially  since  another  s|)ecimcn 
found  in  the  same  grave  matches  it,  and  dentaliuni  shells  and  beads  found  loo.se 
near  by  may  have  been  similarly  attached  to  that  s[)ecimen. 

Some  fragments  of  mica  that  were  found  may  have  been  fastened  to  the 
garments  for  ornamental  purposes.  In  I*'ig.  367  is  illustrated  a  ijemhmt  made  of 
bone,  found  in  a  pouch  at  tne  back  of  a  body.  It  is  colored  yellowish  red  by  the 
ochre  in  the  grave.  The  two  edges  are  rounded,  and  the  ends  are  sharp  like 
those  of  a  sap-scraper.  The  perforation,  which  is  rather  large,  \>:  goi.ged  from 
both  sides,  and  the  surface  of  the  specimen  is  scratched  with  crude  lines.     Its 


'if' 
ft 


426 


SMITH,  AK(  ll,i:()l.(»(;V    ()!•     Illi;    rilOMl'SON    KIVKR    KIXUON. 


V^rA 


Til 


f'7- 


Fia    ('•S. 


l"il!.  3'«). 


Fii!.  370. 


•■'"*:■  ,»'7 'alS-'-     l!"ric  I'finl.iiil,     K;HnI..ops.     A  rial.  size. 
I'in.  iWdlS,!.     IViiil.inl  iii.iilc  iif  Heap's  Claw.     Kainl<»i|n      .)  11 
Fit!.  3N  i,!S,i.     IViict.iiil  m:i.li-,,(  Inci'^iirnr  llicr.     Kamlo.ips. 
'■'"K- .17" 'sKr''-   ISniie  Ilc.iit.     Kainlcojis.     ^  n  it.  si/c. 


sIi;i|k;  .iiul  s\/a:  arc:  so  closely  related  to  the  copper  pemlanls  that  they  sujTirost  its 

use  for  a  similar  |nirpose,  aIthoiii.;h  it  may  l)a\<;  .served  as  a  sap-scrajicr. 

i'he  nail  or  outer  coveririL,^  of  a  hear-ciaw,  cut  across  at  the  upper  end,  throuj^Ii 

wincli  an  ellipiicai  <y<-  was  .t^^on-ed  for  receiving-  a  skin  thon.,r,  was  found  in  a  mass 

of  material  at  the  neck  of 
a  skeleton.  Another  pen- 
dant (Fi<r.  368)  was  made 
of  the  core  of  a  bear's 
claw.  It  also  has  been  cut 
across  and  perforated  at 
the  u[)per  end.  The  hole 
is  crudely  drilled  from  both 
sides.  The  palm  side  of 
this  claw  is  scrajjed  or  cut. 
All  of  the  pendants  made 
of  cores  of  hears'  ciaws 
had    been    burned.     Some 

.oresn   puma  claws  were  found  in  tlu^  .^rntves  at  the  iaroe  burial-place  at  Kamloops. 

nnv  of  then,  shows  mcised   lines  across  it,  but  others  remain   in  their  natural 

form. 

In  VU^.  369  is  illustrated  one  of  the  many  pendants  made  of  the  incisor  of  a 
il. ■<•.-,  and  found  at  the  neck  of  a  skeleton.  A  j.erforation  is  drilled  from  both 
sides  throu,i,di  the  root  of  the  tooth.  This  specimen,  like  many  of  those  found,  is 
stamc'd  by  copper  salts.  Alono^  with  the.se  pendants  made  of  incisor  teeth,  and 
a  so  throughout  the  rejrion,  were  found  pendants  made  of  the  canine  teeth  of  the 
<lk,  that  are  exactly  like  those  found  at  Lytton.'  Accordin»-  to  Charlie  Tcilaxitca 
prndants  made  of  teeth,  like  those  referred  to  Iu:re,'  were  used  one  for  each  ear' 
as  well  as  in  lar<;er  nuniliers  on  a  strinj;  for  necklace.s. 

A  small  p,ece  of  al.elon.;  snell  with  smooth  ed-es  was  found  in  the  -rave  at 
Spences  Mnd^u,.  h  shows  part  of  a  perforation,  and  may  have  been  a  portion  of 
a  pendant.  No  sp.cmiens  made  of  abelone  shell  have  been  found  by  us  ^arther 
to  the  east  tiian  .S|)ences  Hritljre. 

H.'a.ls  for  necklaces,  ear-ornaments,  fringes,  and  che  like,  were  made  of  copper, 
shell,  bone,  and  ve.^-.u.ble  material.  Many  lla^  bone  beads  (Fi<r.  370)  of  irrein.- 
lar  shape  but  somewhat  rertan.i^mlar  witi,  nnmded  corners,  were  found  with 
cremated  bones  at  the  (Government  .Site  and  on  the  surface  at  the  lar^re  burial- 
place  at  kamloops.  Many  of  these  beads  were  charred.  They  were  'iienerally 
p.-rforated  near  t!,e  centre,  the  hole  tapering  from  each  side  in  the  usual  way 
Stnps  of  Hat  copper  were  rolled  into  tubes  from  seven-eighths  of  an  inch  to  an 
-H:h  and  a  half  u.  length.  Many  of  these  were  used  as  beads,  as  is  proved  by 
lindmg  them  strung  with  other  bead.s.     Some  of  the  longer  specimens,  however 


'  Sfc  r,irt  III,  Kit;.  ')<>■ 


'  Sec  al.s,.  •■/'/.('.,  Kijjs.  yfi-gS. 


SMITH,  .\R(,H.i:oi,()(;v  ok   riii.;   ijiompson  ki\kr  rkc.ion. 


4-'; 


may  have  served  as  nose-ornaments,  to  be  inserted  liorizontally  tl)r<)iii,di  a  liole  in 
tile  nasal  septum. 

I'ljT.  ;,;,  sliows  tlie  us(;  of  tile  rolls  of  co|)|)er  in  combination  witli  driualium 
shells  for  necklaces.  ihcsc  Ixads  are  strnn,^;  on  strini^s  made  -.f  libr.',  some  of 
which  are  twisted  to  the  rij^ht.  A  small 
fra<4ment  of  this  ornament  shows  dentalium 
shells  arranged  on  small  cortls  twisted  to 
the  left.  There  is  a  cord  at  right  .m-^les  to 
the  snells  which  serves  to  keep  the  strings 
apart.  This  specimen  is  probably  a  portion 
of  a  large  breast-shield,  the  rest  of  which 
had  fallen  to  pieces.  Numerous  dentalium 
s'lells  found  in  the  same  grave  were  prob- 
ably parts  of  this  ornament.  Such  breast-shields  art;  fretpu^ntly  seen  among 
the  present  Indians  of  the  North  Pacific  coast.  In  the  graves  at  the  lar^e 
burial-place  at  Kamloops  some  dentalium  shells  were  found  which  bear  iii- 
cised  designs.  'I'hese  designs  are  shown  in  I'ig.  ,:;7y.  Tju.-  objects  W(;re  prob- 
ably nose-ornaments,  ear-jjemlants,  or  parts  of  ornaments  similar  to  that  last 
mentioned. 

Besides  simple  shell  beads  made  from  sections  of  dentalium  shells  cut  from 
about  a  thirty-second  of  an  inch  to  an  eighth  of  an  inch,  in  len>,'th,  there  were  also 
found  on  the  surface  of  the  large  burial-place  at  Kamloops  perforated  disks  or 
short  cylinders  of  shell  described  as  approximately  an  eighth  of  an  inch  in 
diameter,  a  thirty-second  of  an  inch  thick  or  long,  with  a'  bore  a  thirty-seconil 
of  an  inch  in  diameleT.  These  are  drilled  from  each  side  in  the  usual  manner, 
tapering  towards  the  centre.  There  are  also  b(,'ads  similar  to  these,  but  of 
about  twice  the  diamc^ter,  and  with  a  much  less  tajjering  ptM-foration.  brom  ihr 
surface  of  the  Government  Hill  a  nmnb(;r  of  beads  were  secured,  each  made 
of  a  basal  ring  of  a  barnacle.     The  ends  and  (-dges  had  been   rubbed  to  give 

the    beails    a    somewhat  synimetric.il  form.      No   beads 
made  of  olivella  shells  were  found. 

The  object  shown  in  Fig.  372  ,i  is  made  of  lluoriu;, 
has  an  almond  sha|)e  with  one  side  flat,  while  over  the 
curved  upper  side  a  gnxjve  is  cut  not  far  above  the 
middle  of  the  object.  I'ig.  372  />  shows  another  stone 
object.  It  is  well  worked  on  all  surfaces,  and  apparently 
IKjIished  by  use.  A  perforation,  as  usual  tapering  from 
each  entl  towards  the  middle,  extends  through  it  from 
side  to  side.  The  base  is  Hat,  and  the  ends  rather 
sliarp.  The  entire  object  is  square  in  cross-section,  except  that  tiie  u|)per  corners 
are  rounded  and  their  edges  notched.  It  suggests  at  once  the  bird-shaped  stones 
of  the  Mississippi  Valley,  which  Gushing  beli(;ved  were  used  in  the  li(;ad-dress. 
According  to  information  obtained  by  Mr.    Teit  from    Indians  at  .Spences   Uridgc, 


:.s.     fv:iin)oi>ps.     J  11. tt.  si/c. 


ivmaiiui -u'  L™  ■  .m'juiiuiiuii 


42,S 


SMirH,  AKCII.lOI.ociY   OK    rHK   'i'MOMI'SON    RIVKK    RKGION. 


this  (il)jcf;t  (-.im]  |)r()l);il)ly  tin-  former  one  also)  may  liavc  hccn  an  attachment  to 
A  (lo^-liallcr,  or,  wliicli  the)-  tliouj^^lu  far  more  likely,  a  sinker  for  a  fish-lint;. 

(I'li/uiw.  .  Im/i\(i)/'i//s,  .Viino/its.  —  Sets  of  dice  made  of  beaver-teeth,  similar 
to  those  fount!  at  Lytton,'  hut  varyini^  in  the  details  of  the  number  of  incised 
marks  and  circular  pits  on  them,  were  frt:(|uently  found  in  the  i^raves.  The  ;^ame 
playeil  with  these-  has  continu(;d  in  use  amonq;  many  tribes  of  this  territory  until 
liic  |ir(sciU  (lay,  and  is  consetjuently  well  known.' 

Tiic  aslrat^ailus  boni'  of  the  deer'  is  often  found  in  the  sites  of  the  Thompson 
kixcr  rcL,ri()ii,  and  m.iy  have  been  used,  as  it  is  farther  east,  as  a  dice. 

TuIies  made  of  l)ird-I)one,  varyinj;  in  lent^^lh  from  an  inch  and  a  half  to  two 
inches  and  a  half,  and  of  proportion.ite  diameters,  were  found  in  the  jjouches  in 
ijraves.  b'ive  were  found  in  out;  ba^r,  and  one  in  another,  so  that  their  number  does 
not  seem  si},rnificant.  They  were  all  colored  by  red  ochre.  Some  of  tiiem  bear 
..  few  notches  or  are  sli<,ditly  scratched  ;  but  no  design  is  noticed  except  on  one, 
wliich  has  upon  one  side  a  row  of  di,aj,ronal  scratches,  and  on  the  oiaer  a  dt)uble 
row  of  /ii^za.i,^  lines  with  five  anj,des.  Some  of  the  specimen  ,  show  that  the  end 
of  tile  l)on<-  was  partly  cut  throujjh  and  then  broken  off ;  others  are  cut  smoothly. 
Tiic  ends  of  all  the  tubes  are  fairly  square.  These  may  have  been  used  as 
j:;ambling-bon(;s.' 

Tlicre  wen,'  found  in  the  pouches  in  the  tjrave  at  Spences  Bridge,  and  in 
Nicola  X'allcy,  cylinders  or  oval  liars  of  bone  and  wood  about  an  inch  and  a  half 
long.  l'"our  of  these,  made  of  bone,  were  found  together  in  the 
grave  at  Spences  Hridge.  All  are  marked  with  incised  lines.  Three 
of  them  are  shown  in  Fig.  sj;^.  The  reverse  sides  of  a  and  />  bear 
only  transverse  incisions.  One  made  of  wood,  found  in  the  second 
grave  at  the  eastern  end  of  Nicola  Lake,  is  hollow.  The  bark  is  still 
on,  and  it  has  several  notches  on  each  side. 

Some  whole  shells  of  I\-(tcit  cauvinus  were  found  at  the  large 

A  ^    burial-place  at    Kamloops.       Each  is  perforated  by  an  oval  hole 

■^      about  half  an  inch  long,  cut  through  the  flat  valve  about  half  an 

inch  from  the  central  apex  of  the  shell,  below  the  ligamcntal  pit. 

These  are  evidently  parts  of  rattles  similar  to  those  used  in  the 

dances  of  the  present  Coast  Indians. 

TIk;  stone  pipes  (Fig.  374)  found  in  graves  at  the  large  burial- 
lace  at  Kamloops  resemble  in  general  those  of  Lytton.  They  are 
mad(!  from  steatite,  are  of  tubular  form,  with  a  bowl  the  shape  of  a 
wine-glass.  In  the  first  specimen  (Fig.  374,  a)  the  tube  for  half  an  inch  from 
the  mouth  is  larger  than  the  shaft,  and  forms  a  mouthpiece  which  shows  traces  of 
windings.  The  present  Indians  sometiuKJs  wind  the  mouthpieces  of  their 
pipes  with  string,  that  they  may  the  easier  hold  them  with  their  teeth.  The 
shaft  has  been  broken  near  its  junction  with  the  bowl,  and  here  also  are  stains 


\ 

t 


Hi;      37.1     iji'i'..! 

(>  a  lit  II  I  i  tl  U-  )l(l  11  cs 


'  Si'i'  I'arl  III,  \-\^.  i.«). 

*  Sef  ilij.,  p.  153  ;    I'.ri  IV,  p.  272. 


"Sic  I'nrt  III,  I'it;.  101. 
'Sec  I'ail  IV,  p.  275. 


SMITH,  ARCH.KOLOGY    OV    HIE    lllOMl'SON    RIVER    RECION. 


4J9 


) 


as  of  \vin(lin_q;s.  Possilily  it  had  l)(;cii  repaired  in  this  way.  The  stem  is  niark(Hl 
off  from  the  l)o\vl  l)y  tiiree  carved  rin<;s.  Tin;  l)()wl  is  small  in  proportion  to 
the  stem,  and  is  cut  sqn.irely  across  at  the  edi^^e.  It  is  broken.  It  contains  a 
mass  of  carbonaceous  matter  which  yields  ammonia  on  distillation.  The  lar^'c 
ash  residue  is  alumina  and  silica.  Another  pipe  made  of  mottled  ^^rccn  steatite 
(^'ii-  374'  ''')  '^  hit^hly  polished,  and  the  bowl  is  ornamented  with  incised  lines. 
The  cd<re  of  the  bowl  is  shaq),  and  the  whole  receptacle  is  larq;e  in  propor- 
tion to  the  stem,  which  is  separated  from  it  by  two  carved  rings.  The  stem 
was  hollowed  by  drillinji;  from  both  ends.  These  drillinj^s  did  not  meet  s(|uare!y, 
and  the  side  of  the  stem  was  broken  in  conse(iuence.  I'Vom  the  mouth  to  the 
middle  of  the  stem  the  hole  is  slis^htly  funnel-shaped.  No  pipes  were  found  by  us 
at  Spences  Hrid^e  or  in  Nicola  V^alley.  The  modern  pipes  of  the  whole  rei,don 
arc  not  tubular.'  Chief  Salicti-:  at  Nicola  Lake  .said  that  the  narrow-leaved  to- 
bacco {jV/f()//(j)ia  allciiuata  Torr.)  of  the  region  was  used  pure  until  the  manufac- 
tured tobacco  was  introduced.  Not  until  then  were  the  leaves  of  bearbcrry 
(^Arcloslapliylos  «f(i'-7<r.\/ -Spreng.)  mixed  with  tobacco. 


j74.  " 'ji'iu'i ''' (aAllj'-     Stniie  Pipes.     K.imloops.     J  nnt.  size. 
h'  Dt'vctopctI  tIesiKii  on  Imwl  of  b. 


Pilf.375,  n  'il3«'.  l*lllSrl. '■  I. Hi). 
CnrviDKS.     Kainlofips.    \  nut.  si7c. 


These  tubular  pipes  penetrated  to  the  coast.  A  fragment  of  one  was  found 
in  a  shell-heap  at  Port  Hammond.  A  piece  of  a  very  large  one  was  found  in 
a  shell-heap  at  North  Saanich,  and  a  perfect  short-stemmed  specimen  was  se(Mi 
at  the  shell-heap  near  Sidney. 

A  chalcedony  concretion  of  conoid  shajx;  was  found  in  a  grave  at  th<'  eastern 
end  of  Nicola  Lake.  It  may  have  been  a  charm,  or  valued  on  account  of  its 
attractive  form. 


'  See  Part  IV,  Fig.  271. 


7" 

i 


430 


SMirH,  AKCII.IMI.OdV    OF    IIIK     lllOMl'SON    kl\KR    KKCl'JN. 


Ki«.  17'>. 


.■"If_ 


ArL — TliL'  tfra()liic  and  |)lastic  arts  of  the  early  people  of  this  region  are 
illustrated  hy  ent;ra\  inj^^s  and  carvin<^s  in  hone  and  stoncr,  antler,  anil  on  ilentalium 
shells.     Many  of  the  objects  found  in  the  t^raves  are  colored  by  red  ochre. 

The  cnj^ravini^fs  closely  n.-senihle  the  painted  thjsijjjns  of  the  pr<!sent  Inilians, 
who  are  able  to  interpret  tluMii  by  analoLjy  with  their  own  desis^rns.'  The  di};L;in,i;- 
sti(  k  handles  made  of  antler  are  ornamented  by  incisinl  lines.'  Lon},^  lines  with 
short  marks  at  rii^dit  ani^des  to  them  are  often  found.  Sometimes  the  short  marks 
are  wiih;  and  ile(!|)  at  the  base,  and  taper  to  a  point,  formin!:,^  minute  triangular 
psramids  restin;^'  on  the  lonj,^  line.  'I"h(!se  markini^s  probably  represent  the  mani- 
tons  of  ihi'  own<Ts  of  the  objects.     There  are  numctrous  pieces  of  bone  and  antler 

with  incised  cross-lines  and  notches  on  the  sides. 

/    f'  .Awls  are  fretpiently  marked  with  notches  alon<;  the 

.1        sides.    The  engravings  on  the  pipe  mentioned  abcve 

'       \        ( '"i.^'-  ?i~A'  '''  )  •il'^"  consist  of  lines. 

j       Vy  '"  '^^'"  sjjecimens  of  the  penis-bone  of  the  bear, 

which   had    been   decorated    by    incised    lines    nul 

notches,  there  is  an  eye,  similar  to  the  eyes  in  the 

bone  needles,  cut   longitudinally  from    both   sides 

through  the  lower  portion  of  the  bone  ( Fig.  375,  a,  />). 

I'iy-  .375  <■  shows  a  piece  of  antler  of  conoid 

shajje,  with  the  tip  cut  sijuarely  across.     It  is  colored 

by  red  ochre  found  with  it,  and  is  slightly  worn. 

I'rom  base  to  tip  extend  three  rows  of  incised  lines, 

e-ach  like  an  inverted  letter  V,  placed  one  over  the 

other  at  a  distance  of  about  one-eighth  of  an  inch. 

According  to  information  secured  from  the  Indians 

by    Mr.    Teit,    these    may    reprc::ent   wood-worm 

Iiorings. 

The  bone  object  shown  in  Fig.  376  has  the  form 
of  an  ellipse  with  broken  ends,  and  bent  to  a  cres- 
cent shape.     The  edges  are  rounded  and  smooth. 
In  the  middle  of  its  outer  surface,  extending  length- 
wise of  the  specimen,  is  an  incised  design  similar 
to  a  ladder.     Seven  cross-lines  show,  some  having 
been  broken  away  with  the  ends  of  the  specimen, 
which  are  lacking.     A  specimen   similar   in    shape 
has  been  found  in  a  shell-heap  at  North  Saanich. 
I'ig.  377  rei)resents  a  delicate  bone  sap-scraper  with  a  perforation  at  the  top 
for  suspension.      It  is  decorated  by  drilled  pits  artistically  arranged.      There  are 
also  a  few  notches  along  one  edge. 

The  dagger  described  on  p.  423  is  ornamented  with  circles,  circular  pits,  and 
incised  lines.      .Most  of  the  lines  e.xtend  over  the  edge  of  the  dagger  to  the  other 

'  Sec  I'arl  II 


y'i-  in- 


V\n.  378. 


KIl:.    (Tft   <jiS.t)-     H'liic   (Itiject    wiih    Imiscti 
l>CHi,;ii.      K  uiilxips.     }  II. It.  size. 

I''il4    J77'9ilii'.    Saj>-iM:r.-i|wr.    Sppiices  llriili:,'. 
\  ii;il.  si/t*. 

l-'iK.  I78l,i1,il.     rianijcr  uiili  Iiuisiil    ll.sitii. 
K.iiiil<><<|)s.     \  »M.  siic. 


|i.  156;  Part  IV,  p.  378. 


'Sec  Part  111,  Fig.  21. 


SMITH.  AkCH.KOI.OClY   OI'    IHK    TMOMI'SON    KIVKK    KKC.ION. 


■i;. ' 


Fig.  37<)iiJ!i;>.     Incisid  DesiKiis  fr..m   llcnt.iMiii,.   sli.lls.     K.iii 
Inops.     )  11.11.  site. 


side,  coniuxtin-  some  of  the  circles  and  pits.     This  is  shown  in  Im-   ^,-,S,  in  -.vhidi 
the  ornamentation  on  the  reverse  of  the  da-.-er  is  drawn  in  i)r(.i<en  lines. 

Some  of  tile  den- 
talium  shells  found 
ina<,'raveat  the  lari^e 
^^^)}  Inirial-plact;  at  Kam- 
loops  hear  inci.sed 
desii^n.s,  which  are 
shown  in  Imi^.  379. 

The  most  artis- 
tic carvings  found  in 
thi.s  region  are  the  specimens  shown  in  I- igs.  359,  a,  />,  and  3.S0.' 
I  lie  last-named  specimen  represents  a  human  headsurmountt:d 
by  a  human  figure.  There  is  a  conoid-shaped  hole  resemhliiig 
a  pipe-bowl  in  the  forehead  of  the  lower  figure.  On  the  back 
of  the  upper  figure  is  a  sculpture  in  relief,  suggesting  a  lizard 
without  leg.s.  Between  the  throat  of  this  figure  and  the  back 
of  the  human  figure  there  is  a  perforation  made  by  two 
cone-shaped  holes  meeting  from  each  side.  This  specimen 
resembles  in  a  general  way  certain  stone  carvings  found  on  ; 
southeastern  Vancouver  Island,  in  the  Lillooet  Valley  north  \ 
of  Harrison  Lake,  and  in  the  vicinity  of 
Vale,  B.  C.  All  these  specimens  bear  a 
certain  re.semblance  to  sculptures  of  the 
region  of  Columbia  River,  the  Ciulf  of 
Georgia,  and  I'uget  .Sound,  ami  may  have 
originated  under  the  influence  of  the  culture  of  these  district.s. 

Fig.  381  shows  the  tip  of  an  antler  which  is  carved  to  represent  the  head  and 
neck  of  a  bird.  The  mouth  is  indicated  by  a  long  furrow  on  each  side,  while  each 
eye  is  represented  by  a  drilled  cone-shaped  hole.     The  specimen  is  ciiarred. 

A/f^/w^^  of  77//;-/.?/.— The  dead  were  evidently  buried  at  a  siiort  distance 
from  the  vdlages.  No  burials  were  found  in  any  of  the  pits  marking  the  .sites  of 
underground  house.s.  In  most  cases  the  bodies  were  buried  in  "the  ground 
apparently  at  a  depth  of  about  three  feet.  The  knees  were  drawn  up"  to  the 
dim,  and  in  some  cases  evidence  was  found  that  the  bodj-  was  wrapped  in  faljri(  s 
or  mats,  and  then  tied  up  with  cords.  Traces  of  red  ochre  and  other  paints  ,m 
the  bones  and  in  the  earth  surrounding  the  skeleton  give  evidence  either  that  the 
body  was  painted  before  l)urial,  or  that  paints  were  buried  with  it.  The  body 
was  also  decorated  with  tiie  ornaments  of  the  decea.sed,  such  as  ear-pendants 
nose-ornament,  necklaces,  etc.  His  tools  were  buried  with  him.  Some  were 
often  put  in  a  pouch,  which  seems  to  have  been  placed  near  the  middle  of  the 

'  .See  the  B.  C.  .Mining  Kecorcl,  Christmas  number,  iSgy,  where  the  .s.iinc  specimen  is  .lescril.e.)  I,y  Mr.  C.  Ilill--I„„t. 


I'ii;.  j8i 

of    AlltltT. 

size. 


>5!5.'.     C,rv,;,ITi,, 
Namloops.      ]    iKit. 


K.imliiiips,  .j  iiat.  si/e.  illrawn 
fr-.iii  ii  <.;is(,  oriRinal  in  rlu- 
lVnvi1ni.1l  .Niiisriiiii,  Vic  tori, i. 
II.  (.,  fiirinerly  nwricd  hy  Mr 
C.  Hill-I\.i,t.l 


SMrill,  AKCri.l'OI.OCV   ok    TIIK    IIIOMI'SON    rivkr    rkc.ion. 


l)(P(ly.  Ill  tlics(.'  pouclics  wen-  foiiiiil  arrow-makers'  tools,  such  as  pieces  of  ylassy 
hasalt,  linislicil  arr.>vv-|)()inls  and  sliaft-sniootliers  ;  and  also  jfaiiilfliiij^-impleineiits, 
sudi  as  dice  made  of  lieaver-teeth.  (iraves  of  wonuMi  containctl  tlieir  tools,  such 
as  needles  for  mat-makinj(  and  awls. 

In  a  few  cases  the  ijrave  was  surrounded  by  a  number  of  poles  or  by  slabs  of 
wood.  It  would  seem  that  small  tents  were  erected  over  the  body,  which 
i^r.idually  dec.iyed,  leaving  onl)'  the  l)utt-(Mids  of  th(.'  poles,  which  were  burieil  in 
tile  s.'ind.  ( )ne  of  the  graves  at  Kainloo|)s  was  found  surrounded  by  pieces  of 
,1  i)roken  canoe  arrantjed  in  the  form  of  a  conical  tent  over  it  (see  I'late  XXVI). 
( )nly  tile  lower  parts  of  the  pieces  of  wood  were  preserved.  It  would  seem  that 
.ifter  the  tent  had  been  erected,  the  sand  was  blown  into  it,  and  the  lower  part  of 
the  wood  was  covc^red,  and  thus  protected  from  the  weather.  Three  j^raves  near 
the  mouth  of  Nicola  Lake  were  covered  with  a  few  bowlders.  There  is  evidence 
tiiat  these  three  j^raves  arc  of  recent  orinjin.  One  of  them  is  known  to  have  been 
made  between  1840  and  1850.  The  evidence  afforded  by  the  finds  as  described 
here,  aijrees  closely  with  the  ilescription  of  modern  burial-customs  of  the  Thomp- 
son Indians  j^isen  by  Mr.    leit.' 

In  Nicola  Valley  a  number  of  graves  were  found  in  rock-slides.  In  these  the 
skeletons,  with  few  exceptions,  wen;  placed  on  the  back,  with  knees  doubled  up, 
the  head  towards  the  east.  A  remarkable  number  of  larj^e  celts  of  nephrite, 
a  number  of  well-preserved  copper  pendants,  and  a  necklace  were  found  here. 
The  bodies  were  covered  by  disturbing;  tiie  rock-sliiles  and  allowing  some 
of  the  material  to  fall  down  over  them.  It  would  seem  that  a  few  rocks  were 
placed  on  the  tops  of  the  graves  in  order  to  mark  the  sites.  Besides  this,  poles  or 
bnmches  were  put  up  over  the  graves.  One  of  these  graves  was  also  covered  by 
a  small  tent  made  of  jioles  that  had  been  covered  with  mats.  Near  some  of 
these  bodies  were  found  skeletons  of  dogs.  Their  bones  were  colored  here  and 
there  with  red  ochre,  and  the  rocks  close  by  were  also  colored  from  contact 
with  lumi)s  of  paint. 

.'\t  the  Government  Site  near  Kamloops  a  number  of  small  masses  of 
children's  bones  were  found.  The  Iiones  in  all  of  these  were  partly  burned,  and 
with  them  were  many  bone  beads,  chipped  cache  forms  of  glassy  basalt,  etc. 
They  were  found  less  than  six  inches  deep,  while  some  of  the  bones  were  on  the 
surface.     It  is  possible  that  these  were  uncovered  by  the  wind. 

Near  Kamloops  a  considerable  number  of  caches  were  found  which  con- 
'taincd  pieces  of  glassy  basalt  and  hammer-stones,  while  in  others  were  bone  awls, 
iK.'cdlcs,  sap-scrapers,  etc.      These  caches  were  not  associated  with  any  graves.- 

Coiii/usioii.  —  The  finds  made  at  Kamloops,  Spences  Bridge,  and  in  Nicola 
Valley,  corroborate  the  conclusions  drawn  from  archreological  investigation  of  the 
burial-ground  at  Lytton.  The  ancient  culture  of  the  whole  of  the  southern 
interior  of   British  Columbia  was  quite  uniform,  and  resembled  in  all  essential 

'  I'art  IV,  pp.  328,  329. 

■'  A  cle(i\ilt'cl  .iccmint  of  the  nia(cri.it  found  in  ihe  graves  ariJ  caches  will  be  found  in  the  Appendix,  pp.  434^. 


SMITH,  ARCH.KOLOr.Y   OF  THK   THOMl'SON    KI\  Kk    RKCION, 


4;>.; 


points  the  culture  of  the  present  inhabitants  of  this  ana.  as  dtiscribeil  l)y  James 
Teit  in  his  mono^rraph  on  the  Thompson  Indians.  It  has  Ixcn  pointed  out  that 
this  culture  shows  close  affinities  to  that  of  the  interior  of  ( )rt',s;on  and  of 
California,  and  that  on  the  whole  its  affiliations  are  rather  with  the  tribes  of  the 
Plains  than  with  those  of  the  North  Pacific  coast.  Nevertheless  there  is  evidence 
that  the  Coast  people  have  inlluenced  the  culture  of  the  interior  of  Mritish 
Columbia.  Material  such  as  shells  and  bone  oi  the  whale,  from  which  utensils 
and  implements  were  made,  was  imported  from  the  coast,  ami  some  of  the  larv- 
inj^s  of  this  rej^ion  may  perhaps  be  considered  as  made  by  artists  familiar  willi 
the  art  of  the  Coast  Indians. 

The  physical  type  of  the  people  of  the  interior  is  (juite  uniform,  and  a 
preliminary  e.xamination  of  the  skeletons  of  the  prehistoric  i)eople  docs  not 
suggest  that  any  change  of  type  has  taken  place.  Measurements  of  the  living 
show  a  certain  amount  of  mi.xture  with  the  Coast  type  to  have  extended  some 
distance  up  Fraser  River,  but  beyond  this  point  there  is  a  fundamental  difference 
between  the  types  of  the  coast  and  those  of  the  interior,  the  former  being 
characterized  by  broad  faces  and  large  heads,  while  the  latter  have  narrow  faces 
and  small  heads.  Therefore  it  may  be  said  that  both  culture  and  physical  type 
suggest  that  the  peoples  of  the  coast  and  those  of  the  interior  developed  on 
distinct  lines,  and  that  points  of  resemblance  are  due  to  later  contact. 


i4i'ii>*el«  .5 


AIM'KNDIX  I. 

LIST    AND   CAIAI.OOUK    NUMIIKKS    OK    SUKIACIC    KINDS,   AND   CONTENTS  OK 
(IKAVKS  AND  CACIIKS,   I'I'ON   WHICH    IHK   I'KKCKDINO    DKSCRII'- 

TION    IS   HASKD. 


Spknces  Hkidck, 


I  i  «  11 '   S  J  >  I)  "  J  ft  S  8  •   4  i  S  1 . 

.W  '.  ,?52.V.  .!55) 


Ho   bJIIi,  nlSi    dlh^     Siirfaic  linds.     (Sec  Ki^s.  jjj  ,-,  /i,  iu  ",  ,5.55  ^ 


s'Ss-sJJd.  <ir:i\f  J.'  indies  licldw  the  surfacf.  In  lln'  soil  ahovc  it  wtTu  a  niinibur  of 
l>o«l(lcrs,  sii.  Ii  as  arc  < omnion  along  llie  river.  Ilclow  ihcst-,  at  a  lieplli  of  (,  inrlies,  wcro 
inIK  of  l,ir(  li-luik  almiit  half  an  in<  li  in  diameter,'  and  some  fragments  of  <liar<  oal.  Several 
ol  Die  JM.ttlders  showed  signs  uf  having  lieen  in  ...nta.  t  with  (Ire.  Kxtending  around  the  grave 
at  inlerv.ds  of  alx.ut  a  foot  were  (  harred  rem.iins  of  posts,  approximatelv  an  incli  and  a  half  in 
ihameler.  They  were  sliil  standing  npon  end,  l.ut  did  not  extend  above  the  surface,  the 
proje(  iMig  portions,  if  there  had  lieen  any,  having  been  destroyed. 

The  hodv  was  that  of  a  man  about  forty-five  years  of  age.  It  was  buried  fare  downward 
with  head  towards  the  south.  Tlie  knees  were  slightly  nc.xed,  so  that  the  feet,  knees,  and  pel- 
vis formed  the  .  i.rnersof  an  e.piijateral  triangle,  the  feet  lying  in  line  with  the  vertebral  column. 
I  he  right  arm  e.xtended  under  the  ehest  to  the  left  elbow,  and  the  left  hand  reached  across 
below  the  pelvis.  The  body  was  entirely  wrapped  in  a  fabric  woven  of  the  inner  bark  of  the 
sagebrush,  outside  of  which  was  a  mat  or  blanket  of  cat-tail  stalks  made  bv  weaving  rather  than 
stitching.  The  entire  bundle  was  bound  with  a  cord  about  a  fourth  of 'an  inch  in  diameter. 
With  the  body  were  the  following  objects  : — 

A  pair  of  grooved  arrowshaft-sinoothers  at  the  left  elbow,  near  a  pou.  h  made  of  woven 
vegetable  fibre,  which  extended  from  the  left  elbow  to  the  left  knee,  was  daubed  with  red 
ochre,  ami  contained  a  bone  scraper  wound  at  the  ends  with  vegetable  fibre  ;  red  ochre  :  jaw 
ol  a  rodent  ;  a  bundle  of  bone  implements,  one  of  which  was  nibbed  at  the  end  ;  five  bone 
.  yimdcrs  ;  two  teeth  ;  chipped  points  and  pieces  of  glassy  ba.salt  ;  a  bone  pendant  ;  two  fish 
vertebrie  ;  part  of  a  beaver's  lower  jaw  ;  three  pieces  of  beaver-teeth  ;  the  beak  of  a  great  blue 
heron  ;  a  beak  of  another  bird  ;  caudal  vertebra;  of  a  small  mammal  ;  pieces  of  wood  one 
probably  being  an  arrow-shaft;  an  arrowshaftsmoother  ;  seven  bone  objects,  some  of 'them 
showing  traces  ol  winding,  and  all  evidently  parts  of  harpoon-points  ;  pieces  of  antler  and 
bone,  some  ol  the  latter  being  sharpened  ;  a  skin-scraper  made  of  bone.  Six  chips  of  glassy 
basalt,  a  piece  of  perforated  abelone  shell  with  smoothed  edges,  pieces  of  beaver-teeth  and  a 
Umg  copper  bead  or  tube,  were  found  by  Mr.  Teit  when  he  discovered  this  grave  by  diggin- 
into  It.     (See  Kigs.  3.56  ,-,•,  338 /;,  ,556,  373,  377.) 

L.\R<:K     liUKIAL-Pl.ACK    AT    KaMLOOPS. 

siu-slls.    li.U,   Ah.    iiti-4Ui,   6lU,  AU-jlh-     Surface  finds.      (See    Kigs.   ijj  ,-    tj,  „ 
.550",  .56i,3So.)  b     JJJ'.  341  ", 

aSj-siSo-     Ol'.i^'^cts  which,  although  distinctly  found  in  graves,  were  not  identified  with  particular 
skeletons.     (Sec  Kigs.  33,  <,,  33.  «',  ^^j  ,,  35,  /,,  ^^, ^^  35^  ^_  3^,^  ^^  ^^ ) 

The  remains  of  skeletons  obtained  from  the  following  graves  were  usually  found  at  a  depth 
°'  '^''""^  i  f'^'-"''     ^"  f'"  «''  could  be  distinguished,  the  bodies  had  been  buried  on  the  side,  with 


'  .See  Part  HI,  Kig.  117. 
[434] 


SMITH,  ARCH.KOI.Or.Y   OK   TlIK   THOMPSON    KIVKR    RKCION, 


4.?  5 


knees  drawn  up  tr)  tht-  rlifst.  The  lionts  wero  nun  li  do  .ived.  In  sdiiic  .  .isos  it  was  ovoii 
imiMissililc  to  (lislinnnisli  a  single  lionc,  as  the  wIk.Io  skelcldii  was  (1<((imi|mis(«1  to  a  mass 
rcsemlilint;  sawdust.  This  may  lie  ihie  tn  the  fad  that  the  land  l.i.rik-ring  the  river  is  htw,  s.i 
lliat  the  hnver  layers  of  sand  are  alw  ass  wet. 

s!ioi~iili  !•  (Irave  i  (olijec  ts  found  as  if  they  had  lieen  buried  in  a  pourh).  —  j  pairs  nrrowshaft- 
smoothers  made  of  sandstone  ;  i  rulilied  stone  ;  .(  whclMones  ;  2  liroken  skinsi  rapers  inadi' 
of  deer-lxme  ;  i  fragment  of  bone  showing  artilirial  shaping  ;  1  notilicd  l.one  ;  8  sharp  lj(Uie 
implements;  3  i)iei:es  of  pec  ten  shell;  jj  jiicces  of  <  hi|>ped  ({lassy  basalt,  including  arrow- 
points,  etc.  ;  and  fragments  of  bark.     (See  I'igs.  .yfi  </,/-//,  376.) 

sJiii'sl'o-  (Irave  2.  — Stone  pipe  ornamented  with  ineised  lines;  2  large  whetstones;  3  small 
whetstones  ;  1  ridibed  slate  point  ;  a  piece  of  mic  a  ;  a  piece  of  red  ochre  ;  <)  c  hipped  piec  es 
of  glassy  basalt,  some  of  them  forming  rude  arrow-points.     (See  Kigs.  335  ,»,  351  ,/,  374  fi.) 

bKic-sILi-  (irave  3.  —  A  broken  stone'  pipe  ;  a  l.irge  white  chalcedony  <  hipped  point  ;  1  c  hipped 
|ioint  ;  9  chips  of  glassy  basalt  ;  dcntalilini  shells  ;  i  pieee  of  copper  clay  ;  chare  o.d.  (See 
'•'K^-  3ii  o,  374  >i) 

slSl-aiSl-  <'.rave  4.  —  2  carved  penis-bones  of  the  bear;  i  bone  awl;  4  bone  needles;  birch- 
hark  ;  bark  ;  cliareoal  ;  3c  c  hips  of  glassy  basalt  ;  dentalium  shells  ;  fragments  of  bone.  (See 
^''gs•  358  <f,  37S  a,  /'■) 

sISt-sUs-  firave  5. —  1  stone  hammer;  1  pair  arrowshaft  smoothers  ;  3  pieces  c  hi|)ped  gl.issy 
basalt  ;  i  whetstone  ;  copper  c  I.;;'  ;  a  piece  of  carved  antler  bearing  copper  stains  ;  i  bone 
implement.     (See  Kig.  341  /<.) 

i!iJ4~8i!l3-  ('-rave  6  (cdose  to  Crave  5).  —  2  pieces  of  copper 
dentalia  beads  ;  fragments  of  antler  and  human  bones  ; 
point  ;  a  stone  knife  ;  6  ))ieces  of  chipped  glassy  basalt. 

iih-jiSi-  f-rave  7  (near  Crave  5).  — 3  chipped  points;  i 
beads. 


;    I  l)one  awl  ;   2  hone  iinplements  ; 
I   arrowshaft-smoother  ;   1   c  hipped 

eliipped   piec:e  of  chert  ;  dentalia 


T    5  8  0.1 

menl 
I'ig.  362.) 


Crave  8.  —  Dentalia  beads  ;  a  carved  bone  awl  ;  fragments  of  bone  ;  a  bone  imple- 
:i  roll  of  birch-bark  ;   2  nephrite  celts  ;   a  large  whetstone  ;   a  stone  iuiiilement.     (Sex- 


iSliil-jiSi-  <;raye  9.  — Cylindrical  shell  beads  ;  a  burned  bone  awl  ;  a  piece  of  galena  ;  5  piec  es 
of  c;opper  clay  ;  a  slate  fish-knife  ;  chips  of  chalcedony  ;  a  fragment  of  a  stone  pipe  ;  a  small 
celt  of  green  stone  ;  5  chipped  sc:rapers  of  glassy  basalt  ;  7  chi|)ped  points  of  glassy  basalt,  si.\ 
of  them  being  leaf-shaped;  i  chipped  point  of  chalcedony;  i  stone;  2  chips  of  glassy 
basalt  ;  i  chip  of  stone  ;  1  little  arrow-point  ;  piece  of  object  made  of  bone  of  whale  ;  a  bone 
tube  ;  burned  bones,  some  of  which  were  human.     (See  Figs.  332  a,  333  /-,  344,  350  /',  353.) 

•i\li-M\-  (Irave  10.—  Dentalium  shells,  some  bearing  incised  designs  ;  a  large  cihip].  1  point  ; 
burned  bone;  7  chipped  points;  4  chips  of  glassy  basalt;  red  ochre.  (See  I'igs.  332  );, 
'.>.  379) 

i.iilj"sil)5-  tlrave  11. —  2  pieces  of  sandstone  ;  copper  c!lay  ;  2  wlietstones  ;  2  claws  ;  a  beaver- 
tooth  ;  a  bear's  canine  tooth  ;  fragments  of  pecten  shells  ;  dentalium  shells  ;  a  celt  made  of 
nei>hrite;  16  chii>s  and  chi|)ped  points  of  glassy  basalt;  bone  implements;  copper  disk. 
(See  I'igs.  340  a,  364.) 

sSSj.  t18i-sI"u-  (Irave  12  (partly  uncovered  by  the  wind  ;  the  skeleton,  that  of  a  man  about  fifty 
years  of  age,  lay  fle.ved,  on  the  left  side).—  2  pairs  of  arrowshaft-smoothers  ;  2  rubbed  stones  ; 
2  pieces  of  galena  ;  2  pieces  of  yellow  paint  ;  1  piece  of  copper  clay  ;  4  cache  forms  ;  32 
chips,  2  pieces,  and  4  points  of  glassy  liasalt  ;  2  chipped  chert  scrapers  ;  a  wedge  of  antler  ;  a 
bone  needle  ;  pieces  of  bone,  some  of  which  are  cut  ;  a  broken   harpoon-point  of  antler ; 


43'^' 


sMiin,  .\k(ii.i;()|,(k;v  ok   iiik  iiiomi-son  kivkr  riuiion. 


I  riililinl  liiiiif  jKiint  ;  .\  piiTCs  of  hcaviTlfctli  ;  ;i  frosh-wntcr  iinio  slicll  ;  various  oIijitIs  nf 
li'iiif  and  aiilliT.     (See  Kins.  .5,5,5  ,/,   557  ,;,  ,558  c.) 

jlHn^tUf.-     dr.in'  I  (  (a  I  liilil).  — Dcnialiiiiii  sluIN,  iiiccrs  of  shell,  rffiisc. 

4  !5l"4illlii.     'ai  he  aliiiiil  (1  iiii  Ins  diTii  nnd  joo  fci'l  from  llu.'  river.— Mono  ini|d>'nu'nts,  a  lione 
a»l,  and  .5  sa|)-s<  rajiers  made  cil  bune.     (See  li^s.  ,5  jy  </,  />,  ,557  ,;,  360  ii.) 

(InVK.KNMI  N  I     Sllh,    NKAH    KAMIainl's, 

All  (il  llie  hurnaii  bunes  loiind  here  were  partly  burned,  and  some  were  stained  l)y  rnji|u'r 
saltK.  The  surfare  of  thiti  site  resembled  that  of  the  lar^e  liiiriai-nroiind.  Flat  I>onc  iieads 
were  nnmerons  with  some  of  the  masses  of  burned  liones. 

«Us   tUn.  lliU<  sUSo-kHii  tilt-      Surface  finds.     (See  Kins.  346,  353 /'-,/.) 

tiii-tih-  Cache  near  foMowinniremaled  remains,  but  not  distinctly  .associated  with  them  (depth, 
6  inches).— A  slone  morl.ir  inverted  over  a  chip  and  three  chipped  points  of  glassy  basalt,  a 
bone  drinkiuKlube,  a  bone  nee.lle  with  two  eyes,  three  Ixine  awls,  a  heaver-tooth  dice,' a 
beaver  Iciolli  and  other  bone  iniplenienls.     (See  I'lgs,  342,  557  /',  558  c  /.) 

jUii  i4",i.  t'liarrcd  huni.m  boni's  No.  i  (original  depth,  judginj-  from  topot-raphy,  about  1  ft., 
p.ully  uncovered  by  win<l),  remains  of  a  child;  5.  chipped  trian^idar  cache  forms  of 
Klassy  bas.dt  ;  a  rubbc'd  stone  ;  fragments  of  chipped  implements  ;  a  fluorile  object  of  almond 
shape  :  an  incised  anilerlip  ;  c  ylindrical  beads  made  of  dentalitim  shells ;  I)urned  obl(m^!  flat 
bone  bc.ids.     (See  Kif^s.  531  /-,  372  ,1,) 

tc',l!i-8,!5,.  ("barred  human  1  ones  No.  2  (found  about  .50  ft.  south  of  No.  i,  and  barely  covered 
wall  sand)  ;  16  chipped  cache  forms  of  glassy  basalt  ;  antler  implements;  carved  bones  and 
bone  nnplemenis  ;  a  <  arvc^cl  piece  of  antler  ;  a  celt  of  green  stone  ;  2  wedges  of  antler  ;  frag- 
ments of  lu-aver-teelh  ;  c ,er  clay;   bone  awls;   a  stone  object.     (See   Kigs.  3^6  ,7,  340  /., 

J*  8,1-..  J  Us-  Cliarred  human  bones  No.  3  (found  80  ft.  south  of  No.  i  ;  depth,  about  6  inches)  ;  10 
chipped  cache  lorms  of  gl.issy  basalt  ;  a  whetstone  ;  dentalium  shells  ;  3  Hakes  of  glas.sy  basalt  ; 
5  pendants  made  of  the  cores  of  claws.     (See  I'igs,  351  /-,  368.) 

■!,'.»,i-2l!i,i.  Charred  human  bones  \o.4  (found  20  ft.  south  of  No.  i  ;  depth,  about  3  inches)  ;  a 
pertoraled  stone  object  ;  a  whetstone  ;  chipped  i orms  of  gi:issy  basalt  and  other  stone,  including 
.l-onits,  a  scraper,  and  a  drill  ;  3  picc:es  of  mica  ;  g  .ue.  cs  of  fresh-water  unio  shells  ;  burned 
dentabum  shells;  cylindrical  shell  beads;  oblon,;  r;.,t  „one  beads  ;  fragments  of  bone  imple- 
ments ;  pieces  of  carved  bone;  a  burned  pendant  made  of  an  elk-tooth;  burned  pendants 
made  of  the  cores  of  claws  ;  a  tibia  of  a  small  mammal  ;  pieces  of  antler  implements,  some 
burned  ;  yellow  material  ;  a  bone  pendant  ;  iiieces  of  a  burned  antler  handle  for  a  root-digger  • 
barbed  harpoon-points  made  of  bone,  and  partly  burned.  (See  Kigs  U7  h  \<^2  a  c  i?.i  a  c 
.^70,  .17^',  381.)  \  h     HI    .  J52  «.  ^  354  ".  ^ 

GOVF.RNMK.NT    HlI.I,,    NKAR    KAMI.OOPS. 

alnj-siSa.  sJ  1  j-j,',?*.     Surface  finds.     (See  Kigs.  332  l\  338  a,  343,  347.) 

»l?4-5So.v  Orave  i  (Plate  XXVI),  indicated  on  the  surf.ace  by  .some  scattering  dentalium  shells 
and  an  oval  (three  feet  long  by  two  feet  wide)  of  brown  spots,  at  intervals  of  a  few  inches! 
I  hese  proved  to  be  the  ends  of  decayed  fragments  of  a  canoe  made  of  Al.aska  cedar  {Chamacy- 
pans  Aootf!,unsis)  daubed  with  red  ochre.  These  j.ieces  were  standing  on  end  around  the 
body  Outside  of  this  oval  were  the  ends  of  four  poles  made  of  red  cedar  (  Thuya  ^i^antea 
Nutt,).  They  were  set  at  regular  intervals  around  the  grave.  The  pieces  of  canoe  extended 
down  two  feet  and  a  half  ;  btit  as  the  wind  shifts  the  surface  sand,  and  since  they  were  rotted 


* 


smuii,  ARcii.r.oi.ocv  or   ihk  hiomi-son  ki\kk  kk.c.ion 


•l.r 


down  to  ihf  siirf.i.  f  of  ilic  soil,  it  sci-nm  prohal.'.-  that  llicy  wcro  oriuiiialh  miik  h  l.inniT. 
The  l>o(ly  may  have  liccn  iilarcil  on  the  Mirfa.  <•,  ih,-  stakes  and  pir(  fs  nl  .aii,,i'  Inrminn  a 
little  l.urial-tent  similar  to  the  one  I.  un.l  in  the  Nioila  Valliy.  When  the  sand  was  l.lown 
into  the  lent,  it  prrsfrvt'd  tlie  Iowit  |Mirtion,  while  the  upper  part  was  destroyed  liv  natural 
forces.  The  liddy,  pri.lialilv  that  of  a  woman  about  twenty  years  of  aj;e,  lay  on  its  left  side, 
with  head  towards  the  east,  and  le^s  slightly  Hexed,  so  that  the  thighd.oncs  were  alxml 
at  right  angles  to  the  \erlel)ral  roUimn.  It  was  wrapped  in  a  fabric  daubed  with  red  ochre, 
and  in  pieces  of  skin.  The  whole  bundle  was  Ixnind  with  cords  about  a  ipiarler  <.f  an  indi 
in  diameter,  made  of  three  strands  of  vegetable  material  twisted  to  the  right.  The  libres  of 
each  strand  were  twisted  to  the  left.  Kour  strings  of  dentalia,  short  c;lilulri<  al  shell  beads, 
and  long  cylindrical  copper  beads,  arranged  on  a  string,  extended  across  the  forehead.' 
Similar  c  opper  beads,  dentalia,  and  pendants  made  of  teeth,  some  being  the  canine  teelh  of 
elk,  others  the  incisor  teeth  of  deer,  were  found  at  the  neck.  .\  bag  about  one  foot  long  by 
three  inches  wide,  made  of  fabric,  extended  from  near  the  shoulders  to  the  middle  of  the  back. 
It  contained  beaver-tooth  dice,  bone  needles,  an  iron  awl  in  a  bone  handle,  five  bone  tubes, 
chips  of  glassy  basalt,  a  bone  pendant,  bearberryseeds,  and  two  bone  objec  Is  showing  ira.es 
of  windings.  I'aiticles  of  red  ochre  iiermeated  the  bag  and  the  surrounding  soil.  (See  Kigs. 
357  '''.  35^. <,  3(>7,  .Jfiy,  .37 '.  .375  '■)  The  iron  awl  found  in  this  grave  is  the  only  obje<t  showing 
contact  with  the  whites,  ;;nd  iron  secured  by  barter  from  the  whites  was  not  found  in  any  of 
the  other  graves  except  in  the  long  wooden  boxes  known  to  have  been  made  sin(  e  the  arrival 
of  the  liuilson  Hay  (Company's  agents. 

irl24-ili!j'  flravo  (2  located  42  feet  south  of  (Iravo  i).  — Somewhat  similar  to  Grave  t  ; 
but,  instead  of  jiieces  of  a  canoe,  poles  had  been  placed  around  the  body.  They  eiK  lose.l 
a  space  three  feet  in  diameter.  I'heir  tops  had  been  burned  off  about  a  foot  b-'low 
the  surface  or  three  feet  above  their  lower  ends.  The  skelelcm,  that  of  a  woman  about  ll.Mty 
years  of  age,  was  found  two  feet  and  a  half  deep,  below  the  sand  strata,  resting  on  a  hard 
gravel,  which  was  exceeilingly  compact.  The  head  was  to  the  west,  while  the  knees  were 
flexed  to  the  chest.  The  left  hand  was  at  the  left  shoulder,  and  the  right  arm  was  similarly 
flexed.  Some  bones  of  a  small  mammal  were  found  near  the  right  shoulder.  A  bir(  hbark 
dish  rested  over  the  thighs.  The  body  was  wrapped  in  a  fabri<-  of  woven  vegetable  fibre. 
Outside  of  this  was  matting  made  of  cat-tail  stalks  woven  as  shown  in  I'ig.  131  ,-,  I'art  IV. 
Pieces  of  wood,  jiossibly  parts  of  a  bow  or  spear-handle,  were  found  on  the  south  side  of  '.Iil 
right  arm  bones.  A  chip|jed  knife  made  of  glassy  basalt,  which  shows  traces  of  gum  along  its 
base,  was  found  crushed  into  one  of  these  pieces  of  wood,  and  may  have  been  hafted  in  it. 
A  bone  awl  with  traces  of  cord  that  had  been  wound  around  it  was  found  at  the  right  elbow  on 
the  south  side  of  the  grave.  A  little  scpiare  |)iece  of  stone,  fragments  of  bone,  a  beaver-tooth, 
a  whetstone,  and  four  chii)s  were  also  found  south  of  the  right  elbow  (see  Kig.  332  <).  'J'he 
exceedingly  dry  climate  and  good  drainage  of  the  hill  would  preserve  wooden  objects  and 
fabrics  for  a  very  long  period. 

»!?3-if4Sii.  Cache  i  (depth  in  shifting  sand,  about  6  inches).  — 127  chipped  (lakes  of  gl.issy  basalt ; 
a  scraper  and  point  of  the  same  material  ;  7  pebbles  which  m.iy  h.ive  been  hammer-stones  ;  ,i 
piece  of  slate  ;  a  whetstone  ;  pieces  of  bone.     (See  Fig.  332/.) 

liSr.  siSs      Cache  2  (depth,  about  6  inches).— 12  flakes  of  glassy  basalt  ;  3  hamnier-st<me  pebbles. 
sKii-i>y4^.  siSir-flSs-     Surface  finds  near  Kamloops.     (See  I'igs.  336  /;,  357  t.) 

Nicola  Vallev. 
ToIji  Tufs-     Surface  finds.  • 

sHs-  C.rave  i  (6  miles  up  the  valley).— The  skeleton,  which  rested  on  the  ro<  k-slide  material,  was 
m  a  lent  of  jjoles  about  seven  feet  long,  covered  with  mats  made  of  common  cat-tail  stalks 


•13-S 


S.MIIII,   .\K(II.i;()I,()(;V    OK    THK    llKJMl'SON    RIVKR    REGION. 


(  'lyplhi  liili/o/iti)  scwcci  together  as  shown  in  Fig.  131  c,  Part  IV.  The  talus  nialvrial  covereil 
tills  lo  ,1  (lf|.lh  of  alioiit  two  feet.  The  skull  was  south,  the  face  east  ;  the  hotly,  wliii  h  was 
th.il  111  ;in  iild  woman,  l.iy  upon  its  liai  k,  with  the  legs  closely  tlexed  and  |)roje<  ling  upward. 
Tlnre  were  n(i  iijpjecls  with  the  skeleton  or  in  the  tei-t. 

aHfa.  •,}Ai~t^l\-  Orave  2  (also  covered  liy  about  two  feet  of  talus).  —  The  skidl  was  south, 
the  f.u  e  east,  the  l.ody  lying  (Ui  its  hac  k  with  legs  <  hjsely  flexed  and  knees  projei  ting  upward. 
.\  broken  nephrite  celt,  a  rnhlHil  stone,  a  fresh-water  unio  shell,  2  chipped  piei  es,  2  chipped 
points,  .Old  a  cliip  of  glassy  basalt,  were  found  at  the  right  side  (see  I'ig.  351  <).  The  leg- 
bones  were  luurh  deccuuposed,  and  badly  broken  by  the  rocks. 


MouiH  OF  Nicoi.A  Lake. 

i;1'm-  Surl'.u  (find.  —  Skeletons  of  two  c  hildren  found  near  here  were  eighteen  inches  deep,  massed 
in  .1  po(  ket  nf  bl.u  k  soil,  vhich  extended  'own  into  the  yellow  subsoil  about  six  inches.  'I'he 
top  of  each  gr.ue,  which  .vas  level  with  the  surrounding  surface,  was  covered  with  five  or  six 
bowlders. 

i\\\<  ilji-  ilj*-  Skeleton  of  a  man  found  near  the  children  mentioned  above  was  known  to 
be  that  of  a  large  perscui  from  l.ytton,  who  was  born  at  Cisco.  He  was  murdered  in  the  fifties, 
and  his  f.imily  buried  him.  The  body  lay  upon  the  back,  with  head  to  the  west,  the  legs 
<  losely  flexed,  ami  was  (overed  with  woven  fabrics,  some  of  which  had  evidently  been  secured 
Ironi  th','  wliites.  .\  bundle  of  half-round  wooden  rods  about  three  feet  long,  with  a  longitu- 
(lin.d  groove  down  the  middle  of  the  flat  si<le,  was  found  in  the  grave.  The  tibia  and  fibula 
li.id  been  broken;  and  the  hitter  had  fully  healed,  while  the  former  was  still  in  the  process  of 
healing.  The  tradition  regarding  this  burial  does  not  relate  that  the  man  was  ever  lame.  The 
fa(  t  that  the  grave  is  01  recent  date  proves  that  this  style  of  burial  prevailed  until  the  middle 
of  the  century,  and  suggests  that  the  children's  graves,  being  similar  to  and  near  his,  may  also 
be  recent.  Oraves  of  this  type  known  to  be  very  old  have  not  been  found  by  us  in  the 
Thompson  River  region. 


Hi:ai>  ok  Nicoi.A  I.aki;. 


Siirfai  e  find. 


(i~iilSs-     I'ound  in  excavating. 

;,.  (irave  i  (a  diiid)  in  the  talus  on  the  Indian  reserve  here.  —  The  h'-ad  was  towards  the  east, 
the  fai  e  towards  the  north.  The  skeleton  was  covered  with  aliout  four  inches  of  earth  and 
eighteen  inches  of  rock-slide  material.  It  rested  upon  its  right  side,  and  a  thin  stratum  of 
yellow  ochre  was  found  in  the  earth  near  the  head.  This  was  probably  the  yellow  paint  from 
the  face  or  gaimenls.  Among  the  rocks  near  this  grave  a  piece  of  a  human  occii)ut  was  found, 
wlii<  h  bore  knife-marks,  as  though  the  nead  liad  been  cut  ol'f. 

.-,.  f,  i  5 11  -  .1 J  5  0-  < '  rave  2.  —  The  bones,  which  were  fully  bleached,  rested  on  the  surface  of  the 
soil,  and  were  (overed  to  a  depth  of  about  two  feet  by  the  rock-slide  material.  The  hea("  was 
east,  face  west,  and  the  legs  were  closely  llexed.  A  double-edged  celt  of  rephrite  nearly  loiir- 
teen  inches  in  length  was  found  lying  diagonally  across  the  chest,  with  its  grooved  edge  south- 
west, <  urvetl  corners  northwest,  and  most  jierfectly  formed  edge  to  the  southwest.  A  bone 
sapscraper,  beaver-teeth,  two  bone  implements,  and  a  piece  of  pointed  wood,  were  found  at  the 
top  of  the  skull.  Dcntalium  shells  and  an  awl  of  bone  or  antler  were  found  under  the  head 
Haptiste,  the  Indian  guide,  believed  this  to  be  a  girl's  head-scratcher.  A  knife  of  glassy 
basalt  was  found  under  the  left  upper  arm,  and  a  wooden  cylinder  at  the  left  ed)0w.  The 
skeleton  of  a  dog,  also  fully  bleai  iied,  was  found  with  the  head  west,  and  tail  near  the  left 
shouliier  of  the  skeleton. 


MH 


SMUH,  ARCII.KOLOGY   ok  THH    TIIOMI'SON    rivdr    rixiion. 


4.)9 


iSuii.  )JcMi-iJ"ii-  (""rave  3. — 'I'lic  skoleldii  rcsti'd  upon  tlic  soil,  and  was  lovorcii  to  a  duiilli  nl Din.' 
fool  with  rock.  TIil-  body  la)  iqion  tlio  l)a(  k,  willi  tin;  lu'ad  west,  face  cast,  and  legs  llcxcd, 
tlie  kncfs  projcctir;.;  upward.  'I'lic  right  hand  was  llcNcd  to  the  shonhicr.  Three  lieaver- 
teeth  and  a  colt  of  nephrite  over  thirteen  im  lies  in  length,  will)  grooved  side  down  and  Idade 
west,  werL'  found  on  the  right  side  of  the  skull.  Near  the  M.ide  of  the  celt  was  found  a 
chippeil  point  of  glassy  basalt  daubed  with  red  ochre.  .\  drinking-Hdie  lay  near  the  top  of 
the  skull,  and  a  small  celt  of  nephrite  was  secured  fiom  under  the  head.  .\  bone  needle,  such 
as  was  used  for  sewing  tules  into  mats,  and  a  finer  bone  needle,  were  found  p:'r,illel  to  this 
celt,  and  with  it  a  double-bladed  celt  somewhat  larger  in  si/e,  also  made  of  nephrite,  with 
grooved  side  down,  -^le  scpiare  blade  east,  and  the  diagonal  blade  west.  Near  the  pelvis  was 
a  chip  of  glassy  b.isall.  I'ieces  of  burned  skull-bones  an-l  a  chin;-;;,',  point  of  ihahedony  were 
also  found  in  the  grave.  I'robably  the  loilges  of  the  vi<tiii'.s  were  set  on  fire  by  the  war-p.irly, 
which  may  account  for  the  charred  appe.irance  of  the  bones.      (See  l''ig.  35S  ,1,  />.) 

ii'lll.  iJf  I  ~l'p?9-  (Irave  4. — The  skull  was  found  about  one  foot  west  of  the  skull  of  the  third. 
The  body  lav  upon  the  surface  of  the  ground,  and  was  ( overed  with  small  fragments  of  roc  k 
of  the  talus,  .\bovc  these  were  bowlders  weighing  from  thirty  to  a  hundred  pounds.  A  post 
stood  at  tlie  head,  which  was  to  the  east,  and  fai:ed  northward.  The  right  nand  was  llev.ed  to 
the  shouk.er.  Dentalium  shells  were  found  under  the  skull,  and  matting  made  of  cat-tail 
stalk i  sewed  together,  as  shown  in  I'ig.  1,51  <•,  Part  IV,  was  taken  from  under  llie  back  and  arms. 
.V  handle  made  of  antler,  for  a  root-digger,  lay  along  the  left  upper  arm,  w  ilh  its  larger  cud  at 
the  shoulder,  where  were  also  a  little  mass  of  red  ochre,  a  beaver-tooth,  beads  made  of  sei  tions 
of  dentalium  shells,  a  small  arrow-point  of  glassy  basalt  nitli  its  point  towards  the  head,  and  a 
bone  needle.  Under  the  middle  of  the  back  was  found  a  cylinder  of  co|iper,  copper 
beads,  and  short  <ylindrical  beads  of  sectioi'  of  .lentalium  shells  A  bone  of  a  bear,  and  a 
stray  radius  of  an  adult  human  being,  'vere  lound  in  the  rocks  above  the  pelvis  of  this 
skeleton 

ciS.'.  tli'j  "I'lfis-  (^rraves. — '!'''>-'  skeloLon  was  that  of  a  youth,  and  hiy  on  the  surface  of  the  soil, 
under  eighteen  inches  of  rock-slide  niatc-ial.  The  head  was  south,  with  face  west.  The  left 
parietal  and  some  bones  of  the  body  were  stained  with  copper  salts,  and  coveretl  with  woven 
fabric  and  deer-skin  on  which  the  hair  still  remained.  South  of  the  head  was  a  bundle,  prob- 
ably a  pouch  made  of  deer-skin  from  which  the  hair  had  not  been  removed.  Four  strands  of 
beads  made  of  sections  of  dentalium  siiells  strung  upon  a  cord  were  around  'he  neck.  The 
whole  lornied  a  necklace  tied  at  the  ba<k.  I'rom  the  (tnnt  a  copper  pendarl  was  suspended. 
.\  copper  object  of  similar  shape  was  found  with  a  mass  of  material  around  th.e  skull,  lieing 
suspended  by  a  string  which  jiassed  through  a  whole  dentalium  shell  and  :■-  bead,  it  seems 
[irobable  that  the  whole  formed  an  ear-pendant.  .\notlier  copper  ornament,  and  dentalium 
shells,  probably  the  remains  of  the  other  ear-pendant,  were  found  in  the  same  mass.  A  |)iece 
of  rope  or  slow-match  of  shredded  cedar-bark,  to  which  was  attached  a  skin  of  ,1  .->hiall  mammal, 
part  of  a  bird-skin,  a  perforated  bear-claw  through  which  was  part  of  a  thong,  and  two  copper 
pendants,  were  found  in  this  mass  of  material.  A  celt  made  of  nephrite  lay  with 
its  irregular  blade  east,  flat  side  up,  near  the  beads  and  skin.  It  may  have  luen  in  the  pouch. 
The  skull  of  a  dog  was  found  among  the  rocks  covering  the  skeleton,  .mil  with  it  was  a  l.irge 
wedge  made  of  ant'   -.     (.See  l-'igs.  349  /■.  363,  365,  366.) 

li'i'l:!  ~l'i3S-  C'rave  6  cimtained  only  one  bone,  the  fibula  of  an  adult  person.  It  rested  on 
the  surlace  of  the  soil,  covered  by  rock-slide  material.  Three  chipped  ;  ieces  of  stone,  a  nat- 
ural piece  of  chalcedony  of  cone  shape,  and  live  fantastically  chipped  ]  oinis  of  glassy  basalt, 
were  also  in  the  grave,  .\mong  the  stones  above  tin'  grave  w.is  found  a  elt  of  green  nephrite. 
(See  Fig.  334,  >-c.) 

sIJb-    Grave  7. — The  skeleton  rested  on  the  surface  of  the  soil,  under  eighteen  inches  of  rock-slide 


^ 


ptp^vpnni 


•sm 


•o 


SMiril,  .\KCU.V.Ol.OG\   OF    THK   THOMPSON    RIVER   REGION. 


iii.iliri.il.      The  skii 
<  ovcrcd  tlif  f:i(  ■•. 


»;is  1(1  tlif  (.Msl,  face  west,  .iiul  llio  legs  were  clusely  Hexed.     Tlic  hands 


iS'ii.  liSii.  tISt'  Oravc  8. — The  skeleton  rested  on  the  surface  of  the  soil,  l)elow  aliont  eighteen 
inches  of  rock-slide  niaterial.  The  neck-bones  were  west,  and  there  was  no  sknll.  The  legs 
were  flexed.  The  left  arm  as  far  as  the  elliow  e.xtended  along  the  side,  the  fore-arm  then 
crossed  to  the  |ielvis.  .\n  ornanieiile<l  iniplenniit  ina<le  of  antler  lav  diagonally  across  the 
hreasi,  with  the  |ioint  towards  the  left  wrist,  .ind  the  butt  towards  the  right  elbow.  'I'wo  elk- 
Icoili  |i(nd,inl<  were  foinid  near  the  nei  k.     (See  I'igs.  360  /',  y,  H.) 

tiini.  liSs.  jlSs.  liSi.  iJS.i-  'irave  y. — The  skeleton  rested  on  the  surface  of  the  soil,  and  was 
<  overed  to  a  depth  of  about  nne  foot  by  rock-slide  niaterial.  Above  the  skeleton  were  found 
pieces  of  bin  li-b.irk,  the  bones  of  a  dog  colored  with  red  ochre,  a  cliip|ied  point  of  glassy  basalt, 
and  pic:  es  of  charcoal.  T'lebody  rested  on  its  back,  w  th  the  hands  to  the  shoulders,  and  legs 
llc\cd  111  Ml.  h  a  manner  ihat  the  knees  jirojected  upi-ard,  the  head  turned  towards  the  east. 
.\l  the  siile,  extending  from  the  femur  to  the  skull,  were  frag-nentsof  a  much-decayed  wooden 
bow.  It  was  of  very  hard,  close-grained  wood,  and  was  elliptical,  tendi'  g  towards  "  venge- 
shape,  ill  (  ross-seclion.  'l"he  surface  was  very  smooth,  and  one  side  was  ornaiiiented  with  little 
ciineifiirm  incisions  arranged  like  the  marks  on  birch-bark.  .\  celt  of  green  nephrite,  with  the 
hiug  grooved  side  down,  and  the  sipiare  blade  toward  tl,.  feet,  lay  with  the  bow,  and  parallel 
to  it.  .A  shorter  (  elt  with  one  brok(,'n  corner  lay  with  this,  having  its  sipiare  blade  towards  the 
Icil.      lis  grooved  side  was  down  and  bevelled  side  up.     (See  Kig.  349,  a,  c.) 


APPENDIX  II. 

.\I)I>ITK)N.\I.  INFORMATION  REGARDING  SPECIMENS  FIGURED  IN  PART  III. 

The  following  additional  information  regarding  specimens  figured  in  Part  III  of  this  volume 
was  secured  at  Spemes  liridge  and  in  Nicola  Valley  during  1899,  from  Ifaptiste,  an  old  Indian  shaman 
living  in  the  valley  ;  Michel,  an  intelligent  old  indiau  of  l.ytton  ;  Salicti:,  chief  at  Nicola  Lake;  and 
the  brothers  of  the  last  named,  James  Michel  .'"c  ila.xitca  and  Charlie  Tcilaxitca.  When  Baptiste  and 
.Michel  were  children,  objects  of  white  manufacture  were  rarely  if  ever  seen  by  them. 

Fig.  I.  I'his  Maptlste  considered  to  represent  an  unfinished  pipe.  The  theory  seems  plausi- 
ble, altlunigh  the  pipe  would  have  been  very  small.  Michel  of  Lytton  thought  it  represented  a  small 
hammer,  to  be  liafted  in  a  little  handle  and  used  by  a  slave  or  servant  to  crush  food  for  a  rich  and 
toothless  old  person,  the  food  being  put  betv  een  two  pieces  of  skin  or  fabric,  which  accounts  for 
the  absence  of  a  bruised  surface  on  the  object. 

I'ig.  ;o.  Daptiste  thought  that  this  represented  a  beaver-spear,  and  that  a  string  was  tied 
through  the  perforation  in  the  base,  so  that  the  point  might  not  pull  out  of  the  handle  and  allow  the 
animal  to  escajie  with  it.     This  opinion  was  also  held  by  M'chel  of  Lytton. 

Fig  3.S.  A(  cording  to  Daptiste,  this  rep.-esents  an  anvil  upon  which  to  crush  food  in  mouthful 
ipiantities  for  ri.  li,  toothless  old  jiersons  when  travelling,  larger  anvils  being  used  when  in  camn  (see 
Part  III,  p.  i,,y). 

I'ig.  ,59.  This  is  thought  by  liaptiste  to  represent  a  stone  that,  when  covered  with  skin,  wasn^e' 
as  a  ball  111  the  game  (lescHi.cd  on  p.  279  of  Part  IV,  Mr.  Teit  approved  this  opinion,  but  Michel 
of  l.ytton  believed  it  to  have  been  covered  with  skin  and  used  as  a  club-head  (.see  Par.  '  •     |i.  26.O. 

lardly  probable  that  specimens  like  the  one  shown   in  Fig.  247,  which  are  not  nearly  so 


It   is  ha 


spherical  even  as  the  one  illustrated  in  Fig.  39,  should  have  been  used  in  the  game. 

Fig.  49  illustrates  a  specimen  which  liaptiste  and  Mr.  Teit  agree  wa.   undo  ;btcd!y  •  -td  for 
such  purposes  as  chijiping  arrow-points,  carving  wood,  and  cutting  out  steatite  1  ipes.     Th';  "^. 


•;?>< 


mfiwmm 


T 


.sMnii,  .\Kcn/i;oi.t)(;v  or  tiik  iiiompson  rivkr  rhc.ion. 


4t> 


^l< 


^1^ 


not  imprcss-d  with  tlit  opinion  of  Mi<  hd  of  I.ylton,  that  it  was  usl-.I  for  dining  niplirito  (st-o 
footnote,  p.  416). 

I'lg.  50.  liaptislc  considerod  this  to  represent  a  large  foreshaft  anil  he:al  for  an  arrow  mi.  li 
as  was  formerly  used  to  kill  horses,  dogs,  and  the  like,  to  be  plaeed  on  the  grave  of  tlieir  owner. 
He  later  concluded  that  it  represented  a  knife,  but  said  that  it  resembled  these  arrowheads. 

I'lg.  51.  M'chej  of  I.ytloii  <onsidered  this  to  represent  a  knife  for  cutting  soft  inner  bark 
when  the  sap  runs  in  .\pril  (see  Kig.  3.(0  and  I'arl  IV,  p.  2,53).  Later  liapliste  said  that  very  brave 
bear-hunters  formerly  used  such  an  implement  to  thrust  di.wn  the  bear's  throat,  placing  one  end 
-'lainst  the  roof  of  his  mouth,  and  the  other  on  his  tongue  when  he  opened  his  mouth.  James 
Michel  Tcilaxitca  approved  this  opinion,  lioih  said  that  Michel  of  I.ylton  was  mistaken,  but  he 
was  not  seen  after  this. 

Kig.  52.     According  to  Bapliste,  this  represents  a  chisel  used  to  scrape  small  pieces  of  skin. 

'■ifr  S3-     'I'his.  'it-'  considered,  represents  an  awl. 

Fig'.  54.  Haptiste  also  believed  this  to  represent  a  s(  raper  for  small  |)ieces  of  skin,  and  he 
stated  that  needles  and  small  bone  awls  were  laid  in  the  natural  groove  and  wrapped  there  to  keep 
them  from  being  broken  when  not  in  use. 

I'lg.  55.  Mr.  Teit  thought  this  might  represent  a  sap-cutter.  Haptiste  believe<l  it  to  rejiresent 
a  llaker  for  making  arrow-points.     Michel  of  l.ytton  concurred  in  Baptiste's  opinion  (see  Kig.  340). 

Fig.  56.  Michel  of  l.ytton  c  nsidered  this  to  represent  part  of  a  trap  used  to  catch  ground- 
hogs as  they  issue  from  their  buri.ws.  lie  called  it  an  i'vuap,  and  said  they  were  made  of  wood, 
bone,  or  "  horn."     \o  other  evidences  of  traps  were  fou:.d  by  us. 

Fig.  59.  Haptiste  believed  this  to  represent  a  spindle  whorl  for  spinning  dog-hair  and 
mountain-goat  wool.  Michel  of  Lytton  agreed,  and  said  that  some  of  them  were  made  of  wood, 
and  others  of  bone. 

Fig.  65.  Bapliste  said  that  this,  like  Fig.  54,  represented  a  case  for  awls  and  needles  as  well 
as  a  scraper. 

Fig.  84.  Charlie  Tcilaxitca  believed  this  to  reiiresent  an  ornament  worn  on  the  hair,  behind 
the  shoulders,  by  chiefs'  daughters. 

Fig.  87.  Charlie  'I'cila.xitca  thought  ornaments  u"  this  kind  were  worn  on  the  chest  bv 
daughters  of  chiefs  (see  p.  425). 

Fig.  95.  This  was  shown  to  Mr.  Teit,  Haptiste,  Charlie  Tcilaxitca,  and  also  Michel  of  l.ytton. 
.All  of  them  insisted  ti  at  the  object,  which  is  f.gured  as  two-thirds  natural  size,  is  a  sap-scraper  su(  h 
as  wc-s  used  when  they  were  children.  Such  evidence,  in  addition  to  the  similarity  of  the  object  to 
moderi.  sap-.scraper>,  seems  to  satisfactorily  prove  that  it  was  used  for  this  purjiose. 

Figs.  ::>r)-o8.  Charlie  Tcilaxitca  says  that  such  pendants  were  used  for  each  ear,  as  well  as  in 
large  numbers  for  necklaces  (see  p.  426). 

I'ig.  99.  Charlie  Tcilaxitca  said  of  this,  that  when  a  child  he  saw  nose-ornaments  in  use  which 
were  made  of  dentalium  shells  with  a  hair  tassel  at  each  end  similar  to  the  si)ecinien  shown  in  V'k[  99. 
Haptiste  and  Mr.  Teit  both  approved  this  remark  (see  Fig.  197,  Part  IV),  and  also  agreed  that  such 
shells  with  tassels  may  also  have  served  as  ear-pendants  such  as  are  described  on  p.  222,  Part  IV 
Mr.  Teit  said  that  all  the  Indians  know  of  the  use  of  such  nose-ornaments. 

Fig.  102.  Haptiste  considers  this  to  represent  a  drinking-tube  ;  and  .Michel  i,f  l.yttc  ■  ,1- 
firmed  the  statement,  saying  that  at  the  time  of  the  ceremonies  when  young  giris  received  their 
manitous,  they  were  not  allowed  to  use  a  cup,  but  had  to  drink  through  such  a  tube  for  the  period  of 
one  year.     Modern  drinking-tubes  are  illustrated  on  p.  313  of  Part  IV. 

Figs.   107,   109,   110.     Baptiste  said  that  these  represented  objects  whi(  h  were  kept  simipiv 


.M'^m 


mfam  A^nmmmm^'nimmmmmmm 


r^mimn 


\.\2 


SMirif,   AKCII.HOl.OC.V   Of   'IMK     IIIOMI'SON    RIVHR    Rl-XIION. 


Iici  iiijsi-  iliiy  were  <  onsidcrcd  nice  or  valuable.     Charlie  Tcilaxitta  had  the  same  opinion  regarding 
I'igs.  101)  and  I  lo. 

Kin.  "t  was  sidtmilted  to  Mr.  'I'eit,  Chief  Salicli-,,  Charlie  'I'cilaxitca,  and  Haptisle.  They  all 
agree  lliat  il  is  a  lixliire  for  a  doghaller  to  keep  the  loop  from  slipping  up  and  choking  the  dog  ; 
also  that  ll)e  (  arving  represents  the  maniiou  of  the  owner  of  the  dog,  and  was  first  seen  in  a  dream. 
It  rfsemliks,  in  general  shape,  and  in  having  a  mouth  and  tail,  the  specimens  known  to  be  such 
liMiires  {««.•  I'lirt  I\',  p.  2.(5). 

[■'ig.  1 16.  Mr.  '\\.  -^a'd  that  thi.s  represented  a  piece  of  cop])er  that  was  probably  being  rolled 
arnuiid  the  (  ylindric  al  si  :    1  it  into  a  long  bead,  and  that,  as  the  person  was  at  work  upon  it 

iniiMcdijtely  bci    -e  death,  i'  ied  with  him. 


PLATE    XXIV. 


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Memoirs  Am.  Mus.  Nut.  Hist..  Vol.  II. 


■'.n'.-   \X\ 


i.ihi ,  u  I  111   I  .k  1. 1  -.   Nil .  ;  *  '.  11 1 1 


i  I'..   •■      KinkMiii,   uiii!   (ii\\;.~.    I  AM    Ish  lii    Nkcii*    I  \V.i 


Arrhft-olony  or  the  Thompson  River  Reiiion. 


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wisss 


Meniou'P  Ati..  Muss.  Nut.  Hist..  Vol.  II. 


Plrt'r  XXVI 


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Archseology  oi  the  Thonijison  Ri\.  r  Rr'.iioi:. 


